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<title>Pregabalin</title>

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Pregabalin

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</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title">Pregabalin</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data">/priˈɡæbəlɪn/ </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Lyrica, others<a href="#cite_note-www.drugs.com-2016-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">3-Isobutyl-GABA; (S)-3-Isobutyl-γ-aminobutyric acid; Isobutylgaba; CI-1008; PD-144723</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/pregabalin.html">Monograph</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a605045.html">a605045</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">License data</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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<ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr> <a href="DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li></ul></div>

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence liability</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical</a>: High<a href="#cite_note-Sch2014-4">[4]</a> <a href="Psychological_dependence" title="Psychological dependence">Psychological</a>: Moderate<a href="#cite_note-Sch2014-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction liability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Low<a href="#cite_note-Sch2014-4">[4]</a> (but varying with dosage and route of administration)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">By mouth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoid</a></li><li><a href="Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsant</a></li><li><a href="GABA_analogue" title="GABA analogue">GABA analogue</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="ATC_code_N02" title="ATC code N02">N02BF02</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N02BF02">WHO</a>) <a href="ATC_code_N02" title="ATC code N02">QN02BF02</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QN02BF02">WHO</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>: <a href="Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_4" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S4</a> (Prescription only)<a href="#cite_note-Therapeutic_Goods_Administration_(TGA)-2022-5">[5]</a></li>

<li><abbr class="country-name" title="Brazil">BR</abbr>: <a href="Brazilian_Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Class_C1" title="Brazilian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Class C1</a> (Other controlled substances)<a href="#cite_note-Anvisa-2023-6">[6]</a></li>

<li><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>: <a href="Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_1971" title="Misuse of Drugs Act 1971">Class C</a><a href="#cite_note-(emc)-2023-8">[8]</a></li>

<li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>: <a href="Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_V_drugs" title="Controlled Substances Act">Schedule V</a><a href="#cite_note-DailyMed-2020-9">[9]</a></li>

<li>In general: ℞ (Prescription only)</li></ul></div>

</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;"><a href="Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Oral: ≥90%<a href="#cite_note-EMA2013-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><1%<a href="#cite_note-Bock2010-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Metabolite" title="Metabolite">Metabolites</a></th><td class="infobox-data">N-methylpregabalin<a href="#cite_note-EMA2013-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Onset_of_action" title="Onset of action">Onset of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data">May occur within a week (pain)<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination half-life</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.5–7 hours<a href="#cite_note-Expert_Committee_on_Drug_Dependence_Forty-first_Meeting-2018-14">[14]</a> (mean 6.3 hours)<a href="#cite_note-Expert_Committee_on_Drug_Dependence_Forty-first_Meeting-2018-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29261857-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Pharmacodynamics#Duration_of_action" title="Pharmacodynamics">Duration of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8–12 hours <a href="#cite_note-b403-16">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">

<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div>

<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">(3S)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid</div></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=148553-50-8">148553-50-8</a> Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5486971">5486971</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00230">DB00230</a> Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4589156.html">4589156</a> Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/55JG375S6M">55JG375S6M</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D02716">D02716</a> Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:64356">CHEBI:64356</a> Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1059">ChEMBL1059</a> Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> (<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID1045950">DTXSID1045950</a> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard">ECHA InfoCard</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.119.513">100.119.513</a> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data">C8H17NO2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">159.229 g·mol−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CC%28C%29CC%28CC%28%3DO%29O%29CN">Interactive image</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">

<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">

<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div>

<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C8H17NO2/c1-6(2)3-7(5-9)4-8(10)11/h6-7H,3-5,9H2,1-2H3,(H,10,11)/t7-/m0/s1 Y</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:AYXYPKUFHZROOJ-ZETCQYMHSA-N Y</div></li></ul>

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</style>  <a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=457473985&page2=Pregabalin">(verify)</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

Pregabalin, sold under the brand name Lyrica among others, is an <a href="Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a>, <a href="Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a>, and <a href="Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a> amino acid medication used to treat <a href="Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, <a href="Neuropathic_pain" title="Neuropathic pain">neuropathic pain</a>, <a href="Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">fibromyalgia</a>, <a href="Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">restless legs syndrome</a>, <a href="Opioid_withdrawal" title="Opioid withdrawal">opioid withdrawal</a>, <a href="Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">generalized anxiety disorder</a> (GAD), and <a href="Shingles" title="Shingles">shingles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25149863-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28888061-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Pregabalin also has <a href="Allodynia" title="Allodynia">antiallodynic</a> properties.<a href="#cite_note-Wyllie_2012-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirsch2013-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-SchatzbergNemeroff2009-22">[22]</a> Its use in epilepsy is as an add-on therapy for <a href="Partial_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial seizure">partial seizures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-13">[13]</a> When used before surgery, it reduces pain but results in greater sedation and visual disturbances.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25209095-23">[23]</a> It is taken <a href="Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">by mouth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-13">[13]</a>

Common side effects can include <a href="Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, <a href="Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, <a href="Somnolence" title="Somnolence">sleepiness</a>, <a href="Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a>, <a href="Confusion" title="Confusion">confusion</a>, trouble with memory, <a href="Ataxia" title="Ataxia">poor coordination</a>, <a href="Dry_mouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry mouth">dry mouth</a>, problems with vision, and <a href="Weight_gain" title="Weight gain">weight gain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-BNF76-24">[24]</a> Serious side effects may include <a href="Angioedema" title="Angioedema">angioedema</a> and kidney damage.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-13">[13]</a> As with all other drugs approved by the FDA for treating epilepsy, the pregabalin labeling warns of an increased <a href="Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> risk when combined with other drugs.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-13">[13]</a> When pregabalin is taken at high doses over a long period of time, addiction may occur, but if taken at <a href="Therapeutic_dose" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic dose">usual doses</a> the risk is low.<a href="#cite_note-Sch2014-4">[4]</a> Use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is of unclear safety.<a href="#cite_note-Preg2019-26">[26]</a>

It is a <a href="Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">gabapentinoid</a> medication which is a class of drugs within the <a href="Chemical_derivative" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical derivative">derivatives</a> of <a href="%CE%93-aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-aminobutyric acid">γ-aminobutyric acid</a> (<a href="GABA_analogue" title="GABA analogue">GABA analogues</a>), an <a href="Inhibitory_neurotransmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibitory neurotransmitter">inhibitory neurotransmitter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27345098-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17222465-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-WyllieCascino2012-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-BenzonRathmell2013-30">[30]</a> Although pregabalin is inactive at <a href="GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor">GABA receptors</a> and GABA <a href="Synapse" title="Synapse">synapses</a>, it acts by binding specifically to the α2δ-1 protein that was first described as an auxiliary subunit of <a href="Voltage-gated_calcium_channel" title="Voltage-gated calcium channel">voltage-gated</a> <a href="Calcium_channel" title="Calcium channel">calcium channels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cal2016-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Uch2010-32">[32]</a>

Pregabalin was approved for medical use in the United States in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-13">[13]</a> In the US, pregabalin is a <a href="Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_V_drugs" title="Controlled Substances Act">Schedule V</a> controlled substance under the <a href="Controlled_Substances_Act_of_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Controlled Substances Act of 1970">Controlled Substances Act of 1970</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-13">[13]</a> which means that the drug has low abuse potential compared to substances in Schedules I-IV, however, there is still a potential for misuse.<a href="#cite_note-Is_Lyrica_a_Controlled_Substance-16_April_2024-33">[33]</a> It is available as a <a href="Generic_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic medication">generic medication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BNF76-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Generic_Lyrica_Availability-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA_approves_first_generics_of_Lyrica-2019-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-USFDA-approval-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-USFDA-2023-37">[37]</a> In 2022, it was the 91st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 7 million prescriptions.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seizures">Seizures</h3></div>

For drug-resistant focal epilepsy, pregabalin is useful as an add-on therapy to other treatments.<a href="#cite_note-pmid35349176-40">[40]</a> Its use alone is less effective than some other seizure medications.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23076957-41">[41]</a> It is unclear how it compares to <a href="Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a> for this use.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23076957-41">[41]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuropathic_pain">Neuropathic pain</h3></div>

The European Federation of Neurological Societies recommends pregabalin as a first-line agent for the treatment of pain associated with <a href="Diabetic_neuropathy" title="Diabetic neuropathy">diabetic neuropathy</a>, <a href="Post-herpetic_neuralgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-herpetic neuralgia">post-herpetic neuralgia</a>, and <a href="Central_neuropathic_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Central neuropathic pain">central neuropathic pain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20402746-42">[42]</a> A minority obtain substantial benefit, and a larger number obtain moderate benefit.<a href="#cite_note-Derry_2019-43">[43]</a> It is given equal weight as <a href="Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a> and <a href="Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">tricyclic antidepressants</a> as a first-line agent, however, the latter are less expensive as of 2010.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20705215-44">[44]</a> Pregabalin is as effective at relieving pain as <a href="Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">duloxetine</a> and <a href="Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>. <a href="Combination_therapy" title="Combination therapy">Combination treatment</a> of pregabalin and amitriptyline or duloxetine offers additional pain relief for people whose pain is not adequately controlled with one medication and is safe.<a href="#cite_note-NIHR_Evidence-2023-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid36007534-46">[46]</a>

Studies have shown that higher doses of pregabalin are associated with greater efficacy.<a href="#cite_note-Freynhagen_Baron_Kawaguchi_Malik_pp._1–9-47">[47]</a>

Pregabalin's use in cancer-associated neuropathic pain is controversial,<a href="#cite_note-Bennett_1681–8-48">[48]</a> though such use is common.<a href="#cite_note-Howard-2017-49">[49]</a> It has been examined for the prevention of post-surgical chronic pain, but its utility for this purpose is controversial.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22415535-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23881791-51">[51]</a>

Pregabalin is generally not regarded as efficacious in the treatment of acute pain.<a href="#cite_note-Derry_2019-43">[43]</a> In trials examining the utility of pregabalin for the treatment of acute post-surgical pain, no effect on overall pain levels was observed, but people did require less morphine and had fewer opioid-related side effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22415535-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27535436-52">[52]</a> Several possible mechanisms for pain improvement have been discussed.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27069626-53">[53]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anxiety_disorders">Anxiety disorders</h3></div>

Pregabalin is effective for treatment of <a href="Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">generalized anxiety disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30712879-54">[54]</a> It is also effective for the short- and long-term treatment of <a href="Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">social anxiety disorder</a> and in reducing <a href="Preoperational_anxiety" title="Preoperational anxiety">preoperative anxiety</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIHR_Evidence-2022-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hong_2022-56">[56]</a> However, there is concern regarding pregabalin's off-label use due to the lack of strong scientific evidence for its efficacy in multiple conditions and its proven side effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid34819636-57">[57]</a>

The World Federation of Biological Psychiatry recommends pregabalin as one of several first line agents for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, but recommends other agents such as those of the <a href="Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor</a> (SSRI) class as first line treatment for <a href="Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a> (OCD) and <a href="Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD).<a href="#cite_note-pmid22540422-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22395254-59">[59]</a> For PTSD, pregabalin as complementary treatment seems to be effective.<a href="#cite_note-Hong_2022-56">[56]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Generalized_anxiety_disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</h4></div>

Pregabalin has <a href="Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a> effects similar to <a href="Benzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepines">benzodiazepines</a> with less risk of <a href="Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">dependence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17940637-60">[60]</a> The effects of pregabalin appear within one week of use,<a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-2021-61">[61]</a> and are similar in effectiveness to <a href="Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">lorazepam</a>, <a href="Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam">alprazolam</a>, and <a href="Bromazepam" title="Bromazepam">bromazepam</a>, but pregabalin has demonstrated superiority by producing more consistent therapeutic effects for <a href="Psychosomatic_medicine" title="Psychosomatic medicine">psychosomatic</a> anxiety symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17610384-62">[62]</a> Long-term trials have shown continued effectiveness without the development of <a href="Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">tolerance</a>, and, in addition, unlike benzodiazepines, it has a beneficial effect on sleep and <a href="Sleep_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep architecture">sleep architecture</a>, characterized by the enhancement of <a href="Slow-wave_sleep" title="Slow-wave sleep">slow-wave sleep</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17610384-62">[62]</a> It produces less severe cognitive and psychomotor impairment compared to benzodiazepines.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17610384-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17940637-60">[60]</a>

A 2019 review found that pregabalin reduces symptoms, and was generally well tolerated.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30712879-54">[54]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3></div>

Although pregabalin is sometimes prescribed for people with <a href="Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>, there is no evidence showing that it is effective.<a href="#cite_note-Hong_2022-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid34577534-63">[63]</a>

There is no evidence and significant risk in using pregabalin for <a href="Sciatica" title="Sciatica">sciatica</a> and <a href="Low_back_pain" title="Low back pain">low back pain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid34637958-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28809936-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mannix-2018-66">[66]</a> Evidence of benefit in <a href="Alcohol_withdrawal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol withdrawal">alcohol withdrawal</a> as well as withdrawal from certain other drugs is limited as of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27848217-67">[67]</a>

There is no evidence for its use in the prevention of <a href="Migraine" title="Migraine">migraines</a> and gabapentin has also been found not to be useful.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23797675-68">[68]</a>

A 2025 review found possible benefits to sleep quality in patients with <a href="Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">fibromyalgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2></div>

Exposure to pregabalin is associated with weight gain, drowsiness, fatigue, dizziness, vertigo, leg swelling, disturbed vision, loss of coordination, and euphoria.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30670513-70">[70]</a> It has an <a href="Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">adverse effect</a> profile similar to other <a href="Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS) <a href="Central_nervous_system_depressant" class="mw-redirect" title="Central nervous system depressant">depressants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Federal_Register-2005-71">[71]</a> Even though pregabalin is a <a href="Depressant" title="Depressant">depressant</a> and <a href="Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a>, it can sometimes paradoxically induce <a href="Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a>, particularly in large <a href="Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">overdoses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Slocum-2018-72">[72]</a> <a href="Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction">Adverse drug reactions</a> associated with the use of pregabalin include:<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pfizer_Australia_Pty_Ltd.-2006-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMH2006-75">[75]</a>

<ul><li>Very common (>10% of people with pregabalin): <a href="Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, <a href="Drowsiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drowsiness">drowsiness</a>.</li>

<li>Common (1–10% of people with pregabalin): peripheral <a href="Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>, <a href="Blurred_vision" title="Blurred vision">blurred vision</a>, <a href="Diplopia" title="Diplopia">diplopia</a>, <a href="Increased_appetite" class="mw-redirect" title="Increased appetite">increased appetite</a> and subsequent <a href="Weight_gain" title="Weight gain">weight gain</a>, <a href="Euphoria_(emotion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphoria (emotion)">euphoria</a>, <a href="Confusion" title="Confusion">confusion</a>, vivid <a href="Dream" title="Dream">dreams</a>, changes in libido (increase or decrease), <a href="Irritability" title="Irritability">irritability</a>, <a href="Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a>, attention changes, <a href="Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">feeling high</a>, memory impairment, <a href="Tremor" title="Tremor">tremor</a>, <a href="Dysarthria" title="Dysarthria">dysarthria</a>, <a href="Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">paresthesia</a>, <a href="Vertigo" title="Vertigo">vertigo</a>, <a href="Dry_mouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry mouth">dry mouth</a>, <a href="Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>, <a href="Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="Flatulence" title="Flatulence">flatulence</a>, <a href="Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">erectile dysfunction</a>, <a href="Fatigue" title="Fatigue">fatigue</a>, feelings of <a href="Drunkenness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drunkenness">drunkenness</a>, abnormal walking, <a href="Asthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthenia">asthenia</a>, <a href="Nasopharyngitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasopharyngitis">nasopharyngitis</a>, increased <a href="Creatine_kinase" title="Creatine kinase">creatine kinase</a> level.</li>

<li>Infrequent (0.1–1% of people with pregabalin): <a href="Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="Lethargy" title="Lethargy">lethargy</a>, <a href="Agitation_(dementia)" title="Agitation (dementia)">agitation</a>, <a href="Anorgasmia" title="Anorgasmia">anorgasmia</a>, <a href="Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a>, <a href="Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">myoclonus</a>, <a href="Hypoaesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoaesthesia">hypoaesthesia</a>, <a href="Hyperaesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperaesthesia">hyperaesthesia</a>, <a href="Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a>, <a href="Hypersalivation" title="Hypersalivation">hypersalivation</a>, <a href="Hypoglycaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoglycaemia">hypoglycaemia</a>, <a href="Excessive_sweating" class="mw-redirect" title="Excessive sweating">excessive sweating</a>, <a href="Flushing_(physiology)" title="Flushing (physiology)">flushing</a>, <a href="Rash" title="Rash">rash</a>, <a href="Muscle_cramp" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle cramp">muscle cramp</a>, <a href="Myalgia" title="Myalgia">myalgia</a>, <a href="Arthralgia" title="Arthralgia">arthralgia</a>, <a href="Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">urinary incontinence</a>, <a href="Dysuria" title="Dysuria">dysuria</a>, <a href="Thrombocytopenia" title="Thrombocytopenia">thrombocytopenia</a>, <a href="Kidney_calculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney calculus">kidney calculus</a>.</li>

<li>Rare (<0.1% of people with pregabalin): <a href="Neutropenia" title="Neutropenia">neutropenia</a>, first-degree <a href="Heart_block" title="Heart block">heart block</a>, <a href="Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a>, <a href="Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, <a href="Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatitis</a>, <a href="Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">dysphagia</a>, <a href="Oliguria" title="Oliguria">oliguria</a>, <a href="Rhabdomyolysis" title="Rhabdomyolysis">rhabdomyolysis</a>, <a href="Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">suicidal thoughts</a> or behavior.<a href="#cite_note-USFDA-2011-76">[76]</a></li></ul>

Cases of recreational use, with associated adverse effects, have been reported.<a href="#cite_note-Millar-2013-77">[77]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Withdrawal_symptoms">Withdrawal symptoms</h3></div>

Following abrupt or rapid discontinuation of pregabalin, some people reported symptoms suggestive of <a href="Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">physical dependence</a>. The FDA determined that the <a href="Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">substance dependence</a> profile of pregabalin, as measured by a personal <a href="Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">physical withdrawal</a> checklist, was quantitatively less than <a href="Benzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepines">benzodiazepines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Federal_Register-2005-71">[71]</a>

Even people who have discontinued short-term use of pregabalin have experienced <a href="Withdrawal_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal symptoms">withdrawal symptoms</a> including <a href="Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, <a href="Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, <a href="Heart_palpitations" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart palpitations">heart palpitations</a>, <a href="Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="Flu_like_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Flu like symptoms">flu-like symptoms</a>, <a href="Major_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Major depression">major depression</a>, <a href="Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>, <a href="Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a>, <a href="Hyperhidrosis" title="Hyperhidrosis">excessive sweating</a>, <a href="Muscle_twitching" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle twitching">muscle twitching</a>, and <a href="Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-medicines.org.uk-2020-78">[78]</a>

A tapered discontinuation is recommended to reduce the chances of withdrawal symptoms. Lyrica's US package insert recommends a taper period of at least one week.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Best Practice Advocacy Centre New Zealand<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> and NHS Somerset<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> recommend a much slower withdrawal.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</h3></div>

It is unclear if it is safe for use in pregnancy with some studies showing potential harm.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breathing">Breathing</h3></div>

In December 2019, the US <a href="Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) warned about serious breathing issues for those taking <a href="Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a> or pregabalin when used with <a href="Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS) <a href="Central_nervous_system_depressant" class="mw-redirect" title="Central nervous system depressant">depressants</a> or for those with lung problems.<a href="#cite_note-USFDA-2019-Serious-Breathing-Problems-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-USFDA-2019-Serious-Breathing-Problems-PDF-84">[84]</a>

The FDA required new warnings about the risk of respiratory depression to be added to the prescribing information of the gabapentinoids.<a href="#cite_note-USFDA-2019-Serious-Breathing-Problems-83">[83]</a> The FDA also required the drug manufacturers to conduct clinical trials to further evaluate their abuse potential, particularly in combination with opioids, because misuse and abuse of these products together is increasing, and co-use may increase the risk of respiratory depression.<a href="#cite_note-USFDA-2019-Serious-Breathing-Problems-83">[83]</a>

Among 49 case reports submitted to the FDA over the five-year period from 2012 to 2017, twelve people died from <a href="Respiratory_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory depression">respiratory depression</a> with gabapentinoids, all of whom had at least one risk factor.<a href="#cite_note-USFDA-2019-Serious-Breathing-Problems-83">[83]</a>

The FDA reviewed the results of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials in healthy people, three observational studies, and several studies in animals.<a href="#cite_note-USFDA-2019-Serious-Breathing-Problems-83">[83]</a> One trial showed that using pregabalin alone and using it with an opioid pain reliever can depress breathing function.<a href="#cite_note-USFDA-2019-Serious-Breathing-Problems-83">[83]</a> The other trial showed gabapentin alone increased pauses in breathing during sleep.<a href="#cite_note-USFDA-2019-Serious-Breathing-Problems-83">[83]</a> The three observational studies at one academic medical center showed a relationship between gabapentinoids given before surgery and respiratory depression occurring after different kinds of surgeries.<a href="#cite_note-USFDA-2019-Serious-Breathing-Problems-83">[83]</a> The FDA also reviewed several animal studies that showed pregabalin alone and pregabalin plus opioids can depress respiratory function.<a href="#cite_note-USFDA-2019-Serious-Breathing-Problems-83">[83]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_potential">Abuse potential</h3></div>

Pregabalin has potential for recreational use and abuse. It possesses a relatively wide <a href="Therapeutic_index" title="Therapeutic index">therapeutic index</a> and margin of safety compared to other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, and its effects may include <a href="Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a>, <a href="Anxiolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiolysis">anxiolysis</a>, and <a href="Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</a>.

Although generally considered to have low abuse potential, reports describe pregabalin inducing sensations of euphoria, calmness, excitement, and a "high" comparable to that of <a href="Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>. These effects may contribute to the development of <a href="Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">substance dependence</a>, and <a href="Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">withdrawal</a> symptoms can occur if the medication is stopped abruptly.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30726003-86">[86]</a>

While pregabalin and cannabis share certain effects, such as CNS depressant and <a href="Orexigenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orexigenic">orexigenic</a> (appetite-stimulating) properties, they differ significantly in their <a href="Pharmacodynamics" title="Pharmacodynamics">pharmacodynamics</a>. Cannabis is primarily an <a href="Anxiogenic" title="Anxiogenic">anxiogenic</a> substance with mild <a href="Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelic</a> effects, whereas pregabalin is an <a href="Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a> agent associated with mild euphoria.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33008420-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26767525-88">[88]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overdose">Overdose</h2></div>

An <a href="Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">overdose</a> of pregabalin usually consists of severe <a href="Drowsiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drowsiness">drowsiness</a>, severe <a href="Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a>, <a href="Blurred_vision" title="Blurred vision">blurred vision</a>, <a href="Dysarthria" title="Dysarthria">slurred speech</a>, uncontrollable jerking motions (<a href="Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">myoclonus</a>), and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30381161-89">[89]</a> In one case study, <a href="Macula" title="Macula">macular</a> detachment was reported with overdose<a href="#cite_note-pmid30405948-90">[90]</a> Despite these symptoms an overdose is not usually fatal unless mixed with another CNS <a href="Central_nervous_system_depressant" class="mw-redirect" title="Central nervous system depressant">depressant</a>. Several people with <a href="Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a> developed <a href="Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">myoclonus</a> while receiving pregabalin, apparently as a result of the gradual accumulation of the drug. Acute overdosage may be manifested by <a href="Somnolence" title="Somnolence">drowsiness</a>, <a href="Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a>, and <a href="Hypertonia" title="Hypertonia">hypertonia</a>. Plasma, serum, or blood concentrations of pregabalin may be measured to monitor therapy or to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized people.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy-2008-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19493601-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baselt-2008-93">[93]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2></div>

No drug interactions have been demonstrated <a href="In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a>. However, the manufacturer notes potential pharmacological interactions with <a href="Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a>, <a href="Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>, <a href="Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturates</a>, <a href="Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> (<a href="Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>), and other central nervous system depressants. Concurrent use of <a href="ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitors</a> and pregabalin may increase the risk of <a href="Angioedema" title="Angioedema">angioedema</a>. Pregabalin may also enhance the fluid-retaining effects of certain antidiabetic agents, such as <a href="Thiazolidinedione" title="Thiazolidinedione">thiazolidinediones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lexi-Drugs_[database_on_the_Internet-2007-94">[94]</a>

Pregabalin may independently increase the risk of <a href="Angioedema" title="Angioedema">angioedema</a>, and this risk is further elevated when used in combination with other drugs known to increase the likelihood of angioedema. These include, but are not limited to, certain <a href="Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">L-type calcium channel blockers</a>, ACE inhibitors, <a href="Angiotensin_II_receptor_blocker" title="Angiotensin II receptor blocker">angiotensin II receptor blockers</a>, and other agents that inhibit the <a href="Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a>

Pregabalin can also cause rare but serious adverse effects,<a href="#cite_note-pmid38635889-96">[96]</a> particularly when used in combination with other <a href="Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">CNS</a> <a href="Depressant" title="Depressant">depressants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-circular-0192018-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoid</a></div>

Pregabalin is a member of the <a href="Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">gabapentinoid</a> <a href="Drug_class" title="Drug class">class</a>, also known as α2δ ligands. Despite being a <a href="Structural_analog" title="Structural analog">structural analog</a> of <a href="%CE%93-aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-aminobutyric acid">γ-aminobutyric acid</a> (GABA), pregabalin is inactive at <a href="GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor">GABA receptors</a> and does not mimic GABA.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27345098-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17222465-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-WyllieCascino2012-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-BenzonRathmell2013-30">[30]</a> Instead, its action involves binding to a specific site on the α2δ-1 protein and reducing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters in synapses.<a href="#cite_note-Dooley-2007-99">[99]</a>

Pregabalin does not directly block <a href="Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">calcium channels</a> (it is not a <a href="Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">calcium channel blocker</a>), as it does not bind to the ion conducting channel protein, called α1. However, <a href="In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a> studies show that pregabalin can reduce the normal traffic of calcium channels from intracellular sites (where they do not function) to membrane sites where they are functional.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cal2016-31">[31]</a>

While the mechanism of action of pregabalin is not definitively characterized, its action in animal models of pain, seizures and anxiety requires binding to the α2δ-1 protein.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-2020-100">[100]</a> It has been found that this binding inhibits several actions of α2δ-1 and also inhibits the release of <a href="Excitatory_neurotransmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Excitatory neurotransmitter">excitatory neurotransmitters</a>. These excitatory neurotransmitters include <a href="Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a>, <a href="Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a> (noradrenaline), <a href="Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a>, <a href="Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>, <a href="Substance_P" title="Substance P">substance P</a>, and <a href="Calcitonin_gene-related_peptide" title="Calcitonin gene-related peptide">calcitonin gene-related peptide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dooley-2007-99">[99]</a> By inhibiting the release of these neurotransmitters, pregabalin reduces excess activity of neuron networks, which helps alleviate symptoms and provides relief for patients experiencing pain, seizures, or other related symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23009881-101">[101]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</h3></div>

There are two drug-binding α2δ subunits, <a href="CACNA2D1" title="CACNA2D1">α2δ-1</a> and <a href="CACNA2D2" title="CACNA2D2">α2δ-2</a>, and pregabalin shows similar <a href="Affinity_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity (pharmacology)">affinity</a> for (and hence lack of <a href="Binding_selectivity" title="Binding selectivity">selectivity</a> between) these two sites.<a href="#cite_note-Cal2016-31">[31]</a> Pregabalin is selective in its binding to the α2δ VGCC subunits and does not bind significantly to other known drug receptors.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16376147-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-BenzonRathmell2013-30">[30]</a>

Despite the fact that pregabalin is a <a href="GABA_analogue" title="GABA analogue">GABA analogue</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid10189176-103">[103]</a> it does not bind to <a href="GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor">GABA receptors</a>, does not convert into <a href="%CE%93-aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-aminobutyric acid"><abbr title="γ-aminobutyric acid">GABA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip γ-aminobutyric acid or another <a href="GABA_receptor_agonist" title="GABA receptor agonist">GABA receptor agonist</a> <a href="In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a>, and does not directly modulate GABA <a href="Neurotransmitter_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitter transport">transport</a> or <a href="Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Uch2010-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16376147-102">[102]</a> There is currently no evidence that the effects of pregabalin are mediated by any mechanism other than binding to the α2δ-1 protein.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16376147-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23642658-104">[104]</a> In accordance, inhibition of α2δ-1 proteins by pregabalin appears to be responsible for its <a href="Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a>, <a href="Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a>, and <a href="Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a> effects in animal models.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16376147-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23642658-104">[104]</a>

Recently, the α2δ-1 protein has been found (independent of calcium channels) to associate directly with certain <a href="NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDA-type glutamate receptors</a>, some <a href="AMPA_receptor" title="AMPA receptor">AMPA-type glutamate receptors</a> and also with the extracellular matrix protein, <a href="Thrombospondin" title="Thrombospondin">thrombospondin</a>, and to modulate the function of these proteins.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-2020-100">[100]</a> This has been proposed to contribute to the analgesic action of pregabalin animal models and in clinical use.

The <a href="Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">endogenous</a> <a href="%CE%91-amino_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-amino acid">α-amino acids</a> <a href="L-leucine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-leucine">L-leucine</a> and <a href="L-isoleucine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-isoleucine">L-isoleucine</a>, which closely resemble pregabalin and the other gabapentinoids in <a href="Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">chemical structure</a>, are apparent ligands of the α2δ VGCC subunit with similar affinity as the gabapentinoids (e.g., <a href="IC50" title="IC50">IC50</a>=71 nM for L-isoleucine), and are present in human <a href="Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a> at micromolar concentrations (e.g., 12.9 μM for L-leucine, 4.8 μM for L-isoleucine).<a href="#cite_note-pmid17222465-28">[28]</a> It has been theorized that they may be the endogenous ligands of the subunit and that they may <a href="Competitive_inhibition" title="Competitive inhibition">competitively antagonize</a> the effects of gabapentinoids.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17222465-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17403543-105">[105]</a> In accordance, while gabapentinoids like pregabalin and gabapentin have <a href="Nanomolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanomolar">nanomolar</a> affinities for the α2δ subunit, their potencies in vivo are in the low <a href="Micromolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Micromolar">micromolar</a> range, and competition for binding by endogenous L-amino acids has been said to likely be responsible for this discrepancy.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23642658-104">[104]</a>

Pregabalin was found to possess 6-fold higher affinity than gabapentin for α2δ subunit-containing VGCCs in one study.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21897498-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-McMahon-2013-107">[107]</a> However, another study found that pregabalin and gabapentin had similar affinities for the human recombinant α2δ-1 subunit (Ki=32 nM and 40 nM, respectively).<a href="#cite_note-pmid17126531-108">[108]</a> In any case, pregabalin is 2 to 4 times more potent than gabapentin as an <a href="Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10189176-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12665421-109">[109]</a> and, in animals, appears to be 3 to 10 times more potent than gabapentin as an <a href="Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10189176-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12665421-109">[109]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Absorption">Absorption</h4></div>

Pregabalin is <a href="Absorption_(pharmacokinetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption (pharmacokinetics)">absorbed</a> from the <a href="Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestines</a> by an <a href="Active_transport" title="Active transport">active transport</a> process mediated via the <a href="Large_neutral_amino_acid_transporter_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Large neutral amino acid transporter 1">large neutral amino acid transporter 1</a> (LAT1, SLC7A5), a transporter for <a href="Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> such as <a href="L-leucine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-leucine">L-leucine</a> and <a href="L-phenylalanine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-phenylalanine">L-phenylalanine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cal2016-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16376147-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23567998-110">[110]</a> Very few (less than 10 drugs) are known to be transported by this transporter.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18656534-111">[111]</a> Unlike <a href="Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a>, which is transported solely by the LAT1,<a href="#cite_note-pmid23567998-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bock2010-12">[12]</a> pregabalin seems to be transported not only by the LAT1 but also by other carriers.<a href="#cite_note-Cal2016-31">[31]</a> The LAT1 is easily <a href="Enzyme_kinetics#General_principles" title="Enzyme kinetics">saturable</a>, so the <a href="Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">pharmacokinetics</a> of gabapentin are dose-dependent, with diminished bioavailability and delayed peak levels at higher doses.<a href="#cite_note-Cal2016-31">[31]</a> In contrast, this is not the case for pregabalin, which shows linear pharmacokinetics and no saturation of absorption.<a href="#cite_note-Cal2016-31">[31]</a>

The <a href="Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral</a> <a href="Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> of pregabalin is greater than or equal to 90% across and beyond its entire clinical dose range (75 to 600 mg/day).<a href="#cite_note-Bock2010-12">[12]</a> Food does not significantly influence the oral bioavailability of pregabalin.<a href="#cite_note-Bock2010-12">[12]</a> Pregabalin is rapidly absorbed when administered on an empty stomach, with a <a href="Tmax_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tmax (pharmacology)">Tmax</a> (time to <a href="Cmax_(pharmacology)" title="Cmax (pharmacology)">peak levels</a>) of generally less than or equal to 1 hour at doses of 300 mg or less.<a href="#cite_note-Cal2016-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-EMA2013-11">[11]</a> However, food has been found to substantially delay the absorption of pregabalin and to significantly reduce peak levels without affecting the bioavailability of the drug; Tmax values for pregabalin of 0.6 hours in a fasted state and 3.2 hours in a fed state (5-fold difference), and the <a href="Cmax_(pharmacology)" title="Cmax (pharmacology)">Cmax</a> is reduced by 25–31% in a fed versus fasted state.<a href="#cite_note-Bock2010-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distribution">Distribution</h4></div>

Pregabalin crosses the <a href="Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a> and enters the <a href="Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16376147-102">[102]</a> However, due to its low <a href="Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">lipophilicity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bock2010-12">[12]</a> pregabalin requires active transport across the blood–brain barrier.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23567998-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16376147-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26305616-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19937841-113">[113]</a> The LAT1 is highly expressed at the blood–brain barrier<a href="#cite_note-pmid10518579-114">[114]</a> and transports pregabalin across into the brain.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23567998-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16376147-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26305616-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19937841-113">[113]</a> Pregabalin has been shown to cross the <a href="Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a> in rats and is present in the <a href="Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">milk</a> of <a href="Lactation" title="Lactation">lactating</a> rats.<a href="#cite_note-EMA2013-11">[11]</a> In humans, the <a href="Volume_of_distribution" title="Volume of distribution">volume of distribution</a> of an orally administered dose of pregabalin is approximately 0.56 L/kg.<a href="#cite_note-EMA2013-11">[11]</a> Pregabalin is not significantly <a href="Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">bound to plasma proteins</a> (<1%).<a href="#cite_note-Bock2010-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h4></div>

Pregabalin undergoes little or no <a href="Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bock2010-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cal2016-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADTPD-115">[115]</a> In experiments using <a href="Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">nuclear medicine</a> techniques, it was revealed that approximately 98% of the <a href="Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a> recovered in the <a href="Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> was unchanged pregabalin.<a href="#cite_note-EMA2013-11">[11]</a> The main metabolite is N-methylpregabalin.<a href="#cite_note-EMA2013-11">[11]</a>

Pregabalin is generally safe in patients with liver <a href="Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid37918778-116">[116]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elimination">Elimination</h4></div>

Pregabalin is <a href="Elimination_(pharmacology)" title="Elimination (pharmacology)">eliminated</a> by the kidneys in the <a href="Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>, mainly in its unchanged form.<a href="#cite_note-Bock2010-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-EMA2013-11">[11]</a> It has a relatively short <a href="Elimination_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Elimination half-life">elimination half-life</a>, with a reported value of 6.3 hours.<a href="#cite_note-Bock2010-12">[12]</a> Because of its short elimination half-life, pregabalin is administered 2 to 3 times per day to maintain therapeutic levels.<a href="#cite_note-Bock2010-12">[12]</a> The <a href="Renal_clearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal clearance">kidney clearance</a> of pregabalin is 73 mL/minute.<a href="#cite_note-DailyMed-2020-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2></div>

Pregabalin is a <a href="GABA_analogue" title="GABA analogue">GABA analogue</a> that is a 3-substituted <a href="Chemical_derivative" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical derivative">derivative</a> as well as a γ-amino acid.<a href="#cite_note-Wyllie_2012-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-BenzonRathmell2013-30">[30]</a> Because of its chemical and pharmacological similarities to gabapentin, it is sometimes called a <a href="Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">gabapentinoid</a> drug. Specifically, pregabalin is (S)-(+)-3-isobutyl-GABA.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18221197-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11966555-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-WhelessWillmore2009-119">[119]</a> Pregabalin also <a href="Structural_analog" title="Structural analog">closely resembles</a> the <a href="%CE%91-amino_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-amino acid">α-amino acids</a> <a href="L-leucine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-leucine">L-leucine</a> and <a href="L-isoleucine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-isoleucine">L-isoleucine</a>, and this may be of greater relevance in relation to its <a href="Pharmacodynamics" title="Pharmacodynamics">pharmacodynamics</a> than its structural similarity to GABA.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17222465-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17403543-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18221197-117">[117]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h3></div>

<a href="Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">Chemical syntheses</a> of pregabalin have been described.<a href="#cite_note-VardanyanHruby2016-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-AndrushkoAndrushko2013-121">[121]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

Pregabalin was synthesized in 1990 as an <a href="Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a> that was developed as a successor to the related <a href="Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kaye-2014-122">[122]</a> It was first synthesized by <a href="Medicinal_chemist" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal chemist">medicinal chemist</a> <a href="Richard_Bruce_Silverman" title="Richard Bruce Silverman">Richard Bruce Silverman</a> at <a href="Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a> in <a href="Evanston%2C_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston, Illinois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lowe-2008-123">[123]</a> During 1988 to 1990, Ryszard Andruszkiewicz, a visiting research fellow, synthesized a series of molecules requested by Silverman.<a href="#cite_note-Andruszkiewicz-124">[124]</a> Upon testing in mouse seizure models by collaborators at <a href="Parke-Davis" title="Parke-Davis">Parke-Davis Pharmaceuticals</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> one looked particularly promising. In vitro, it activated <a href="L-glutamic_acid_decarboxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="L-glutamic acid decarboxylase">L-glutamic acid decarboxylase</a>, an enzyme, but this later proved to be unimportant to prevention of seizures. Silverman had originally hoped that the enzyme would increase the production of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and block convulsions.<a href="#cite_note-Merrill-2010-126">[126]</a> After extensive development studies and clinical trials by Parke-Davis the drug was approved in the European Union in 2004. The US received FDA approval for use in treating <a href="Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, <a href="Diabetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetic">diabetic</a> <a href="Neuropathic_pain" title="Neuropathic pain">neuropathic pain</a>, and <a href="Postherpetic_neuralgia" title="Postherpetic neuralgia">postherpetic neuralgia</a> in December 2004. Pregabalin then appeared on the US market under the brand name Lyrica in the fall of 2005.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15959952-127">[127]</a> In 2017, the FDA approved pregabalin extended-release Lyrica CR for the management of neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and postherpetic neuralgia.<a href="#cite_note-Seeking_Alpha-2017-128">[128]</a> However, unlike the <a href="Modified-release_dosage" title="Modified-release dosage">immediate release</a> formulation, Lyrica CR was not approved for the management of <a href="Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">fibromyalgia</a> or as add-on therapy for adults with <a href="Partial_seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial seizures">partial onset seizures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2018-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-DailyMed-2020-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h3></div>

<ul><li>United States: During clinical trials a small number of users (~4%) reported <a href="Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a> after use, which led to its control in the US.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-Lyrica-2016-130">[130]</a> The <a href="Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> (DEA) classified pregabalin as a <a href="Depressant" title="Depressant">depressant</a> and placed pregabalin, including its salts, and all products containing pregabalin into <a href="Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_V_drugs" title="Controlled Substances Act">Schedule V</a> of the <a href="Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DEA_Diversion_Control_Division-2005-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Federal_Register-2005-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-usdoj.gov-2015-132">[132]</a></li>

<li>Norway: Pregabalin is in prescription Schedule B, alongside <a href="Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Felleskatalogen-2015-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chalabianloo-134">[134]</a></li>

<li>United Kingdom: On January 14, 2016, the <a href="Advisory_Council_on_the_Misuse_of_Drugs" title="Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs">Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs</a> (ACMD) recommended that pregabalin, along with <a href="Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a>, be controlled under the <a href="Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_1971" title="Misuse of Drugs Act 1971">Misuse of Drugs Act 1971</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GOV.UK-2016-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-GOV.UK-2017-136">[136]</a> In October 2018, it was announced that pregabalin would be reclassified as a Class C <a href="Controlled_substance" title="Controlled substance">controlled substance</a>, effective April 2019.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30327316-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-GOV.UK-2018-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-GOV.UK-2019-139">[139]</a> As a Class C drug, pregabalin now requires a prescription in the UK,<a href="#cite_note-GOV.UK-2018-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Controlled_Drug_Classes-2013-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-What_are_Class_C_Drugs-2022-141">[141]</a> and the prescription must clearly specify the dose.<a href="#cite_note-circular-0192018-97">[97]</a></li></ul>

In the United States, the FDA has approved pregabalin for <a href="Combination_therapy" title="Combination therapy">adjunctive therapy</a> for adults with partial onset <a href="Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">seizures</a>, management of <a href="Postherpetic_neuralgia" title="Postherpetic neuralgia">postherpetic neuralgia</a> and <a href="Neuropathic_pain" title="Neuropathic pain">neuropathic pain</a> associated with <a href="Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a> injury and <a href="Diabetic_neuropathy" title="Diabetic neuropathy">diabetic peripheral neuropathy</a>, and the treatment of <a href="Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">fibromyalgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Off-label-142">[142]</a> Pregabalin has also been approved in the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Russia for treatment of <a href="Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">generalized anxiety disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levy-2019-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17610384-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-GAD-144">[144]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3></div>

Pregabalin is available as a <a href="Generic_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic medication">generic medication</a> in a number of countries, including the United States as of July 2019.<a href="#cite_note-BNF76-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Generic_Lyrica_Availability-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levy-2019-143">[143]</a> In the United States as of July 2019 the wholesale/pharmacy cost for generic pregabalin is US$0.17–0.22 per 150 mg capsule.<a href="#cite_note-46brooklyn_Research-2019-145">[145]</a>

From 2008 until 2018, Pfizer engaged in extensive <a href="Direct-to-consumer_advertising" title="Direct-to-consumer advertising">direct-to-consumer advertising</a> campaigns to promote its branded product Lyrica for <a href="Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">fibromyalgia</a> and diabetic nerve pain indications. In January 2016, the company spent a record amount, $24.6 million for a single drug on TV ads, reaching global revenues of $14 billion, more than half in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Bulik-2016-146">[146]</a>

Up until 2009, Pfizer promoted Lyrica for other uses that had not been approved by medical regulators. For Lyrica and three other drugs, Pfizer was fined a record amount of US$2.3 <a href="1%2C000%2C000%2C000" title="1,000,000,000">billion</a> by the Department of Justice,<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Pfizer_Pays-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-News-Prizer-Fraud-Fine-2009-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission-2010-149">[149]</a> after pleading guilty to advertising and branding "with the intent to defraud or mislead". Pfizer illegally promoted the drugs, with doctors "invited to consultant meetings, many in resort locations; attendees expenses were paid; they received a fee just for being there", according to prosecutor Michael Loucks.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Pfizer_Pays-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-News-Prizer-Fraud-Fine-2009-148">[148]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_property">Intellectual property</h3></div>

Professor Richard "Rick" Silverman of Northwestern University developed pregabalin there. The university holds a patent on it, exclusively licensed to Pfizer.<a href="#cite_note-Jacoby-2008-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-mw-2001-151">[151]</a> That patent, along with others, was challenged by generic manufacturers and was upheld in 2014, giving Pfizer exclusivity for Lyrica in the US until 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Decker-2014-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Decision-2020-153">[153]</a>

Pfizer's main patent for Lyrica, for seizure disorders, in the UK expired in 2013. In November 2018, the <a href="Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a> ruled that <a href="Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a>'s second patent on the drug, for the treatment of pain, was invalid because there was a lack of evidence for the conditions it covered – central and peripheral neuropathic pain. From October 2015, GPs were forced to change people from generic pregabalin to branded until the second patent ran out in July 2017. This cost the NHS £502 million.<a href="#cite_note-Pfizer-2018-154">[154]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brand_names">Brand names</h3></div>

As of October 2017, pregabalin is marketed under many brand names: Algerika, Alivax, Alyse, Alzain, Andogablin, Aprion, Averopreg, Axual, Balifibro, Brieka, Clasica, Convugabalin, Dapapalin, Dismedox, Dolgenal, Dolica, Dragonor, Ecubalin, Epica, Epiron, Gaba-P, Gabanext, Gabarol, Gabica, Gablin, Gablovac, Gabrika, Gavin, Gialtyn, Glonervya, Helimon, Hexgabalin, Irenypathic, Kabian, Kemirica, Kineptia, Lecaent, Lingabat, Linprel, Lyribastad, Lyric, Lyrica, Lyrineur, Lyrolin, Lyzalon, Martesia, Maxgalin, Mystika, Neuragabalin, Neugaba, Neurega, Neurica, Neuristan, Neurolin, Neurovan, Neurum, Newrica, Nuramed, Paden, Pagadin, Pagamax, Painica, Pevesca, PG, Plenica, Pragiola, Prebalin, Prebanal, Prebel, Prebictal, Prebien, Prefaxil, Pregaba, Pregabalin, Pregabalina, Pregabaline, Prégabaline, Pregabalinum, Pregabateg, Pregaben, Pregabid, Pregabin, Pregacent, Pregadel, Pregagamma, Pregalex, Pregalin, Pregalodos, Pregamid, Pregan, Preganerve, Pregastar, Pregatrend, Pregavalex, Pregdin Apex, Pregeb, Pregobin, Prejunate, Prelin, Preludyo, Prelyx, Premilin, Preneurolin, Prestat, Pretor, Priga, Provelyn, Regapen, Resenz, Rewisca, Serigabtin, Symra, Vronogabic, Xablin, and Xil.<a href="#cite_note-brands-155">[155]</a>

It is marketed as a <a href="Combination_drug" title="Combination drug">combination drug</a> with <a href="Mecobalamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mecobalamin">mecobalamin</a> under the brand names Agemax-P, Alphamix-PG, Freenerve-P, Gaben, Macraberin-P, Mecoblend-P, Mecozen-PG, Meex-PG, Methylnuron-P, Nervolin, Nervopreg, Neurica-M, Neuroprime-PG, Neutron-OD, Nuroday-P, Nurodon-PG, Nuwin-P, Pecomin-PG, Prebel-M, Predic-GM, Pregacent-M, Pregamet, Preganerv-M, Pregeb-M OD, Pregmic, Prejunate Plus, Preneurolin Plus, Pretek-GM, Rejusite, Renerve-P, Safyvit-PR, Vitcobin-P, and Voltanerv with Methylcobalamin and ALA by Cogentrix Pharma.<a href="#cite_note-brands-155">[155]</a>

In the US, Lyrica is marketed by <a href="Viatris" title="Viatris">Viatris</a> after Upjohn was spun off from Pfizer.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><div id="Anticonvulsants_(N03)431" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a> (<a href="ATC_code_N03" title="ATC code N03">N03</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="GABAergic" title="GABAergic">GABAergics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABAAR</a> <a href="Allosteric_modulator" title="Allosteric modulator">PAMs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a>: <a href="Barbexaclone" title="Barbexaclone">Barbexaclone</a></li>

<li><a href="Metharbital" title="Metharbital">Metharbital</a></li>

<li><a href="Methylphenobarbital" title="Methylphenobarbital">Methylphenobarbital</a></li>

<li><a href="Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">Pentobarbital</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">Phenobarbital</a>#</li>

<li><a href="Primidone" title="Primidone">Primidone</a>; <a href="Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a>: <a href="Cenobamate" title="Cenobamate">Cenobamate</a></li>

<li><a href="Felbamate" title="Felbamate">Felbamate</a>; <a href="Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a>: <a href="Clobazam" title="Clobazam">Clobazam</a></li>

<li><a href="Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">Clonazepam</a></li>

<li><a href="Clorazepate" title="Clorazepate">Clorazepate</a></li>

<li><a href="Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a>#</li>

<li><a href="Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a>#</li>

<li><a href="Midazolam" title="Midazolam">Midazolam</a></li>

<li><a href="Nimetazepam" title="Nimetazepam">Nimetazepam</a></li>

<li><a href="Nitrazepam" title="Nitrazepam">Nitrazepam</a></li>

<li><a href="Temazepam" title="Temazepam">Temazepam</a>; Others: <a href="Bromide" title="Bromide">Bromide</a> (<a href="Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">potassium bromide</a>, <a href="Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">sodium bromide</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Paraldehyde" title="Paraldehyde">Paraldehyde</a></li>

<li><a href="Stiripentol" title="Stiripentol">Stiripentol</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="GABA_transaminase_inhibitor" title="GABA transaminase inhibitor">GABA-T inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">Fatty acids</a> (and related): <a href="Valproate" title="Valproate">Valproate</a></li>

<li><a href="Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li>

<li><a href="Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a></li>

<li><a href="Vigabatrin" title="Vigabatrin">Vigabatrin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="GABA_receptor_agonist" title="GABA receptor agonist">GABAR agonists</a>: <a href="Progabide" title="Progabide">Progabide</a>; <a href="GABA_reuptake_inhibitor" title="GABA reuptake inhibitor">GAT-1 inhibitors</a>: <a href="Tiagabine" title="Tiagabine">Tiagabine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">Channel modulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Sodium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hydantoin" title="Hydantoin">Hydantoins</a>: <a href="Ethotoin" title="Ethotoin">Ethotoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Fosphenytoin" title="Fosphenytoin">Fosphenytoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Mephenytoin" title="Mephenytoin">Mephenytoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a>#; <a href="Acylurea" title="Acylurea">Ureides</a>: Acetylpheneturide</li>

<li><a href="Chlorphenacemide" title="Chlorphenacemide">Chlorphenacemide</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenacemide" title="Phenacemide">Phenacemide</a>‡</li>

<li><a href="Pheneturide" title="Pheneturide">Pheneturide</a>; <a href="Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">Fatty acids</a>: <a href="Valproate" title="Valproate">Valproate</a></li>

<li><a href="Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li>

<li><a href="Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a>; <a href="Carboxamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxamide">Carboxamides</a>:</li>

<li><a href="Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a>#</li>

<li><a href="Eslicarbazepine_acetate" title="Eslicarbazepine acetate">Eslicarbazepine acetate</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxcarbazepine" title="Oxcarbazepine">Oxcarbazepine</a>; Others: <a href="Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">Lacosamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a>#</li>

<li><a href="Rufinamide" title="Rufinamide">Rufinamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li>

<li><a href="Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2%2C4-Oxazolidinedione" title="2,4-Oxazolidinedione">Oxazolidinediones</a>: <a href="Ethadione" title="Ethadione">Ethadione</a></li>

<li><a href="Paramethadione" title="Paramethadione">Paramethadione</a></li>

<li><a href="Trimethadione" title="Trimethadione">Trimethadione</a>; <a href="Succinimide" title="Succinimide">Succinimides</a>: <a href="Ethosuximide" title="Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</a>#</li>

<li><a href="Mesuximide" title="Mesuximide">Mesuximide</a></li>

<li><a href="Phensuximide" title="Phensuximide">Phensuximide</a>; <a href="Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a>: <a href="Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li>

<li>; Others: <a href="Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a>#</li>

<li><a href="Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li>

<li><a href="Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Potassium openers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Retigabine" title="Retigabine">Retigabine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Carbonic_anhydrase_inhibitor" title="Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor">CA inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sulfonamide_(medicine)#Anticonvulsant" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">Sulfonamides</a>: <a href="Acetazolamide" title="Acetazolamide">Acetazolamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethoxzolamide" title="Ethoxzolamide">Ethoxzolamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Sultiame" title="Sultiame">Sultiame</a></li>

<li><a href="Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li>

<li><a href="Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Albutoin" title="Albutoin">Albutoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Beclamide" title="Beclamide">Beclamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Brivaracetam" title="Brivaracetam">Brivaracetam</a></li>

<li><a href="Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a></li>

<li><a href="Carisbamate" title="Carisbamate">Carisbamate</a></li>

<li><a href="Etiracetam" title="Etiracetam">Etiracetam</a></li>

<li><a href="Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">Fenfluramine</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganaxolone" title="Ganaxolone">Ganaxolone</a></li>

<li><a href="Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam">Levetiracetam</a></li>

<li><a href="Perampanel" title="Perampanel">Perampanel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist">

<li>‡<a href="List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li>

<li><a href="Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>:

<ul><li>†<a href="Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li>

<li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anxiolytics_(N05B)1664" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Anxiolytics_(N05B)1664" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">Anxiolytics</a> (<a href="ATC_code_N05#N05B" title="ATC code N05">N05B</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor"><abbr title="5-HT1A receptor">5-HT1AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip 5-HT1A receptor <a href="Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a></li>

<li><a href="Gepirone" title="Gepirone">Gepirone</a></li>

<li><a href="Tandospirone" title="Tandospirone">Tandospirone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor"><abbr title="GABAA receptor">GABAAR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip GABAA receptor <a href="Positive_allosteric_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulators"><abbr title="positive allosteric modulators">PAMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip positive allosteric modulators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a>: <a href="Adinazolam" title="Adinazolam">Adinazolam</a></li>

<li><a href="Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam">Alprazolam</a></li>

<li><a href="Bromazepam" title="Bromazepam">Bromazepam</a></li>

<li><a href="Camazepam" title="Camazepam">Camazepam</a></li>

<li><a href="Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">Chlordiazepoxide</a></li>

<li><a href="Clobazam" title="Clobazam">Clobazam</a></li>

<li><a href="Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">Clonazepam</a></li>

<li><a href="Clorazepate" title="Clorazepate">Clorazepate</a></li>

<li><a href="Clotiazepam" title="Clotiazepam">Clotiazepam</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloxazolam" title="Cloxazolam">Cloxazolam</a></li>

<li><a href="Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a>#</li>

<li><a href="Ethyl_loflazepate" title="Ethyl loflazepate">Ethyl loflazepate</a></li>

<li><a href="Etizolam" title="Etizolam">Etizolam</a></li>

<li><a href="Fludiazepam" title="Fludiazepam">Fludiazepam</a></li>

<li><a href="Halazepam" title="Halazepam">Halazepam</a></li>

<li><a href="Ketazolam" title="Ketazolam">Ketazolam</a></li>

<li><a href="Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a>#</li>

<li><a href="Medazepam" title="Medazepam">Medazepam</a></li>

<li><a href="Nordazepam" title="Nordazepam">Nordazepam</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxazepam" title="Oxazepam">Oxazepam</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinazepam" title="Pinazepam">Pinazepam</a></li>

<li><a href="Prazepam" title="Prazepam">Prazepam</a>; Others: <a href="Alpidem" title="Alpidem">Alpidem</a>‡</li>

<li><a href="Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a> (e.g., <a href="Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">meprobamate</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li>

<li><a href="Chlormezanone" title="Chlormezanone">Chlormezanone</a>‡</li>

<li><a href="Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li>

<li><a href="Etifoxine" title="Etifoxine">Etifoxine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a> (<a href="Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel"><abbr title="alpha2delta subunit">α2δ</abbr> <abbr title="voltage-dependent calcium channel">VDCC</abbr></a> <a href="Channel_blocker" title="Channel blocker">blockers</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors">SSRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., <a href="Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">escitalopram</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors">SNRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (e.g., <a href="Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">duloxetine</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Serotonin_antagonist_and_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors">SARIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (e.g., <a href="Trazodone" title="Trazodone">trazodone</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tricyclic antidepressants">TCAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., <a href="Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">clomipramine</a>#)</li>

<li><a href="Tetracyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tetracyclic antidepressants">TeCAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., <a href="Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitors"><abbr title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitors">MAOIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (e.g., <a href="Phenelzine" title="Phenelzine">phenelzine</a>); Others: <a href="Agomelatine" title="Agomelatine">Agomelatine</a></li>

<li><a href="Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li>

<li><a href="Tianeptine" title="Tianeptine">Tianeptine</a></li>

<li><a href="Vilazodone" title="Vilazodone">Vilazodone</a></li>

<li><a href="Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">Vortioxetine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Sympatholytic" title="Sympatholytic">Sympatholytics</a> (<a href="Antiadrenergic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiadrenergic">Antiadrenergics</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alpha-1_blocker" title="Alpha-1 blocker">Alpha-1 blockers</a> (e.g., <a href="Prazosin" title="Prazosin">prazosin</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Alpha-2_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-2 agonist">Alpha-2 agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="Clonidine" title="Clonidine">clonidine</a>, <a href="Dexmedetomidine" title="Dexmedetomidine">dexmedetomidine</a>, <a href="Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">guanfacine</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a> (e.g., <a href="Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a>, <a href="Atenolol" title="Atenolol">atenolol</a>, <a href="Betaxolol" title="Betaxolol">betaxolol</a>, <a href="Nadolol" title="Nadolol">nadolol</a>, <a href="Oxprenolol" title="Oxprenolol">oxprenolol</a>, <a href="Pindolol" title="Pindolol">pindolol</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Benzoctamine" title="Benzoctamine">Benzoctamine</a></li>

<li><a href="Cycloserine" title="Cycloserine">Cycloserine</a></li>

<li><a href="Fabomotizole" title="Fabomotizole">Fabomotizole</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a></li>

<li><a href="Lorpiprazole" title="Lorpiprazole">Lorpiprazole</a></li>

<li><a href="Mebicar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebicar">Mebicar</a></li>

<li><a href="Mepiprazole" title="Mepiprazole">Mepiprazole</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Opipramol" title="Opipramol">Opipramol</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxaflozane" title="Oxaflozane">Oxaflozane</a>‡</li>

<li><a href="Phenaglycodol" title="Phenaglycodol">Phenaglycodol</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li>

<li><a href="Picamilon" title="Picamilon">Picamilon</a></li>

<li><a href="Selank" title="Selank">Selank</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiagabine" title="Tiagabine">Tiagabine</a></li>

<li><a href="Tofisopam" title="Tofisopam">Tofisopam</a></li>

<li><a href="Validolum" class="mw-redirect" title="Validolum">Validolum</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist">

<li>‡<a href="List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li>

<li><a href="Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>:

<ul><li>†<a href="Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li>

<li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neuropathic_pain_and_fibromyalgia_pharmacotherapies131" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neuropathic_pain_and_fibromyalgia_pharmacotherapies131" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Neuropathic_pain" title="Neuropathic pain">Neuropathic pain</a> and <a href="Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">fibromyalgia</a> <a href="Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmacotherapies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Monoaminergic" title="Monoaminergic">Monoaminergics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor"><abbr title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">SNRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (e.g., <a href="Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">duloxetine</a>, <a href="Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">milnacipran</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tricyclic antidepressants">TCAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., <a href="Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">nortriptyline</a>, <a href="Dosulepin" title="Dosulepin">dosulepin</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioid</a> <a href="Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoamine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="monoamine reuptake inhibitors">MRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip monoamine reuptake inhibitors (e.g., <a href="Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">tapentadol</a>, <a href="Tramadol" title="Tramadol">tramadol</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ion_channel_blocker" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion channel blocker">Ion channel blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a> (e.g., <a href="Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a>, , <a href="Mirogabalin" title="Mirogabalin">mirogabalin</a>, <a href="Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">carbamazepine</a>, <a href="Oxcarbazepine" title="Oxcarbazepine">oxcarbazepine</a>, <a href="Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">lacosamide</a>, <a href="Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">lamotrigine</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local anesthetics</a> (e.g., <a href="Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">lidocaine</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Mexiletine" title="Mexiletine">Mexiletine</a></li>

<li><a href="Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tricyclic antidepressants">TCAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., <a href="Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">nortriptyline</a>, <a href="Desipramine" title="Desipramine">desipramine</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">Ziconotide</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alpha_lipoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha lipoic acid">Alpha lipoic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Benfotiamine" title="Benfotiamine">Benfotiamine</a></li>

<li><a href="Botulinum_toxin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin A">Botulinum toxin A</a></li>

<li><a href="Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li>

<li><a href="Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a> (e.g., <a href="Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>, <a href="Dronabinol" title="Dronabinol">dronabinol</a>, <a href="Nabilone" title="Nabilone">nabilone</a>)</li>

<li><a href="NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">NMDA receptor antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, <a href="Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">dextromethorphan</a>, <a href="Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a> (e.g., <a href="Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">hydrocodone</a>, <a href="Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, <a href="Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>, <a href="Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a>, <a href="Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">buprenorphine</a>, <a href="Tramadol" title="Tramadol">tramadol</a>, <a href="Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">tapentadol</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Sodium_oxybate" title="Sodium oxybate">Sodium oxybate (<abbr title="γ-hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</abbr>)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recreational_uses128" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background:#ccccff"><div id="Recreational_uses128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational uses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px">

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Euphoriants78" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Euphoriants78" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Euphoriant" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphoriant">Euphoriants</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="%CE%9C-Opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Μ-Opioid receptor">μ-Opioid receptor</a> <a href="Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a> (<a href="Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a>) (e.g., <a href="Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, <a href="Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>, <a href="Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">hydrocodone</a>, <a href="Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>, <a href="Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>, <a href="Kratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratom">kratom</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel">α2δ subunit</a>-containing <a href="Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel">voltage-dependent calcium channels</a> <a href="Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">blockers</a> (<a href="Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">gabapentinoids</a>) (e.g., <a href="Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a>, , <a href="Phenibut" title="Phenibut">phenibut</a>)</li>

<li><a href="AMPA_receptor" title="AMPA receptor">AMPA receptor</a> <a href="Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="Perampanel" title="Perampanel">perampanel</a>)</li>

<li><a href="CB1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="CB1 receptor">CB1 receptor</a> <a href="Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a> (<a href="Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">cannabinoids</a>) (e.g., <a href="Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a>, <a href="Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Dopamine_agonist" title="Dopamine agonist">Dopamine receptor agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="Levodopa" title="Levodopa">levodopa</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Dopamine_releasing_agent" title="Dopamine releasing agent">Dopamine releasing agents</a> (e.g., <a href="Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, <a href="Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>, <a href="MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>, <a href="Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">mephedrone</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitor">Dopamine reuptake inhibitors</a> (e.g., <a href="Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a>)</li>

<li><a href="GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABAA receptor</a> <a href="Positive_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulator">positive allosteric modulators</a> (e.g., <a href="Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturates</a>, <a href="Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>, <a href="Carbamate" title="Carbamate">carbamates</a>, <a href="Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">ethanol (alcohol)</a> (<a href="Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">alcoholic drink</a>), <a href="Inhalant" title="Inhalant">inhalants</a>, <a href="Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">nonbenzodiazepines</a>, <a href="Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">quinazolinones</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a> (<a href="Sodium_oxybate" title="Sodium oxybate">sodium oxybate</a>) and <a href="Structural_analog" title="Structural analog">analogues</a></li>

<li><a href="Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids)</a> (e.g., <a href="Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">dexamethasone</a>, <a href="Prednisone" title="Prednisone">prednisone</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Nicotinic_agonist" title="Nicotinic agonist">nACh receptor agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>, <a href="Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="Arecoline" title="Arecoline">arecoline</a>, <a href="Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Nitric_oxide_donor" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitric oxide donor">Nitric oxide prodrugs</a> (e.g., <a href="Alkyl_nitrite" title="Alkyl nitrite">alkyl nitrites</a> (<a href="Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a>))</li>

<li><a href="NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">NMDA receptor antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a>, <a href="Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, <a href="Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">methoxetamine</a>, <a href="Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>, <a href="Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">phencyclidine</a>, <a href="Inhalant" title="Inhalant">inhalants</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Orexin_antagonist" title="Orexin antagonist">Orexin receptor antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="Suvorexant" title="Suvorexant">suvorexant</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: Recreational drug use</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recreational_drug_use90" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Recreational_drug_use90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;text-align:center;"><div id="Major_recreational_drugs90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major recreational drugs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li>

<li><a href="Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></li>

<li><a href="Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a></li>

<li><a href="Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a>

<ul><li>Medical

<ul><li><a href="Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li></ul></li>

<li>Hazardous <a href="Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adhesive#Contact" title="Adhesive">contact adhesives</a></li>

<li><a href="Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li>

<li><a href="Nail_polish#Nail_polish_remover" title="Nail polish">nail polish remover</a></li>

<li><a href="Paint_thinner" title="Paint thinner">Paint thinner</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Other

<ul><li><a href="Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></li>

<li><a href="Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a>

<ul><li><a href="Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Quaaludes</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a>

<ul><li>Suboxone</li>

<li>Subutex</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a>

<li><a href="Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a>

<ul><li>Krokodil</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a>

<ul><li>Darvocet</li>

<li>Darvon</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li>

<li><a href="Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine</a>

<ul><li>Heroin</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a>

<ul><li>Dilaudid</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li>

<li><a href="Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratom">Kratom</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a>

<ul><li><a href="Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">/paracetamol</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li>

<li><a href="Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a>

<ul><li><a href="Areca" title="Areca">Areca</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">Betel</a></li>

<li><a href="Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drinks</a></li>

<li><a href="Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a>

<li><a href="Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a>

<li><a href="Cocaine_paste" title="Cocaine paste">Cocaine paste</a></li>

<li><a href="Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">Crack</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li>

<li><a href="Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li>

<li><a href="Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li>

<li><a href="Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li>

<li><a href="Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nicotine_polacrilex" title="Nicotine polacrilex">Polacrilex</a></li>

<li><a href="Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li>

<li><a href="Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathogen–entactogen">Entactogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2C series</a></li>

<ul><li>Benzofury</li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li>

<li><a href="MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="25I-NBOMe" title="25I-NBOMe">25I-NBOMe</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Colorado_River_toad" title="Colorado River toad">Psychoactive toads</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Vilca</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Morning_glory" title="Morning glory">Morning glory</a></li>

<li><a href="Ergot" title="Ergot">Ergot</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a>

<ul><li><a href="Echinopsis_peruviana" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis peruviana">Peruvian torch</a></li>

<li><a href="Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a></li>

<li><a href="Echinopsis_pachanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis pachanoi">San Pedro</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a> and <a href="Psilocin" title="Psilocin">psilocin</a>

<ul><li><a href="Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushrooms</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a> (<a href="Recreational_use_of_dextromethorphan" title="Recreational use of dextromethorphan">recreational use</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a> and <a href="Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Atropa_belladonna" class="mw-redirect" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></li>

<li><a href="Datura" title="Datura">Datura</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a></li>

<li><a href="Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis (Marijuana)</a></li>

<li><a href="Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a></li>

<li><a href="Synthetic_cannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic cannabinoid">Synthetic cannabinoids</a>

<li><a href="APICA_(synthetic_cannabinoid_drug)" title="APICA (synthetic cannabinoid drug)">APICA</a></li>

<li><a href="APINACA" title="APINACA">APINACA</a></li>

<li><a href="Spice_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice (drug)">Spice</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tabernanthe_iboga" title="Tabernanthe iboga">Tabernanthe iboga</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a>

<ul><li><a href="Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Oneirogen" title="Oneirogen">Oneirogens</a>

<ul><li><a href="Calea_ternifolia" title="Calea ternifolia">Calea zacatechichi</a></li>

<li><a href="Silene_undulata" title="Silene undulata">Silene capensis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a>

<ul><li><a href="Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;text-align:center;"><div id="Drug_culture90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Cannabis consumption</a></li>

<li><a href="Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Cannabis edible</a></li>

<li><a href="Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_cannabis_rights_leaders" title="List of cannabis rights leaders">Cannabis rights leaders</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_cannabis_rights_organizations" title="List of cannabis rights organizations">List of cannabis rights organizations</a></li>

<li><a href="Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a></li>

<li><a href="Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Cannabis Social Club</a></li>

<li><a href="Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)#Cannabis_vaporizers" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Cannabis vaping</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history of cannabis in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li>

<li><a href="Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">Marijuana Policy Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a></li>

<li><a href="Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis and religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li>

<li><a href="Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li>

<li><a href="Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartending</a></li>

<li><a href="Beer#Beer_and_society" title="Beer">Beer culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">Beer festival</a></li>

<li><a href="Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li>

<li><a href="Diethyl_ether#Recreational_use" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li>

<li><a href="Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking games</a></li>

<li><a href="Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li>

<li><a href="Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li>

<li><a href="Hip_flask" title="Hip flask">Hip flask</a></li>

<li><a href="Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li>

<li><a href="Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></li>

<li><a href="Pub_crawl" title="Pub crawl">Pub crawl</a></li>

<li><a href="Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li>

<li><a href="Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">Sports bar</a></li>

<li><a href="Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</a></li>

<li><a href="Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Psychonautics" title="Psychonautics">Psychonautics</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychedelic_experience" title="Psychedelic experience">Experience</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychedelic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic literature">Literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychedelic_microdosing" title="Psychedelic microdosing">Microdosing</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_shop" title="Smart shop">Smart shop</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychedelic_therapy" title="Psychedelic therapy">Therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Trip_report" title="Trip report">Trip report</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Smoking#Society_and_culture" title="Smoking">Smoking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li>

<li><a href="Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion cigarettes</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloud-chasing" title="Cloud-chasing">Cloud-chasing</a></li>

<li><a href="Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li>

<li><a href="Smokeasy" title="Smokeasy">Smokeasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li>

<li><a href="Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chasing_the_dragon" title="Chasing the dragon">Chasing the dragon</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li>

<li><a href="Dance_party" title="Dance party">Dance party</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">Drug paraphernalia</a></li>

<li><a href="Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Drug tourism</a></li>

<li><a href="Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li>

<li><a href="Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li>

<li><a href="Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">Needle sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li>

<li><a href="Party_and_play" title="Party and play">Party and play</a></li>

<li><a href="Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">Religion and drugs</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_and_drugs" title="Sex and drugs">Sex and drugs</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_legends_about_drugs" title="Urban legends about drugs">Urban legends about drugs</a></li>

<li><a href="Whoonga" title="Whoonga">Whoonga</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;text-align:center;"><div id="Legality_of_drug_use90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legality of drug use</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="United_Nations_drug_control_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations drug control conventions">International drug control conventions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Narcotic Drugs</a></li>

<li><a href="Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Psychotropic Substances</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1988 Drug Trafficking</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Other treaties addressing drugs

<ul><li><a href="United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea Convention</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Convention_Against_Doping_in_Sport" title="International Convention Against Doping in Sport">Convention Against Doping</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_the_European_Union_decisions_on_designer_drugs" title="Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs">Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">Decriminalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Legalization" title="Legalization">Legalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Supply_reduction" title="Supply reduction">Supply reduction</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">Policy reform</a>

<ul><li><a href="Demand_reduction" title="Demand reduction">Demand reduction</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li>

<li><a href="Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">Law Enforcement Action Partnership</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Liberalization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Latin America</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug policy by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Drug_policy#Australia" title="Drug policy">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy_of_China" title="Drug policy of China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy#Germany" title="Drug policy">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy_of_India" title="Drug policy of India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy_of_the_Philippines" title="Drug policy of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy_of_Poland" title="Drug policy of Poland">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy_of_Romania" title="Drug policy of Romania">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy_of_Slovakia" title="Drug policy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy_of_South_Korea" title="Drug policy of South Korea">South Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy_of_Sweden" title="Drug policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy#Switzerland" title="Drug policy">Switzerland</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">United States</a>

<li><a href="Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></li>

<li><a href="School_district_drug_policies" title="School district drug policies">School district drug policies</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy_of_California" title="Drug policy of California">California</a></li>

<li><a href="Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">Colorado</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy_of_Maryland" title="Drug policy of Maryland">Maryland</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy_of_Oregon" title="Drug policy of Oregon">Oregon</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy_of_Virginia" title="Drug policy of Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug legality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol legality</a></li>

<li><a href="Anabolic_steroid#Legal_status" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid legality</a></li>

<li><a href="Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Cannabis legality</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Cocaine legality</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Methamphetamine legality</a></li>

<li><a href="Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States" title="Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States">Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Psilocybin mushrooms legality</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Salvia legality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition" title="Arguments for and against drug prohibition">Arguments for and against drug prohibition</a></li>

<li><a href="Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li>

<li><a href="Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">Designer drug</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_court" title="Drug court">Drug court</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug possession">Drug possession</a></li>

<li><a href="Politics_of_drug_abuse" title="Politics of drug abuse">Politics of drug abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li>

<li><a href="Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">Zero tolerance</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;text-align:center;"><div id="Other90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug production and trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coca_production_in_Colombia" title="Coca production in Colombia">Coca production in Colombia</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_precursors" title="Drug precursors">Drug precursors</a></li>

<li><a href="Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Rolling_meth_lab" title="Rolling meth lab">Rolling meth lab</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a>

<ul><li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Aruba" title="Illegal drug trade in Aruba">Aruba</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Belize">Belize</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Benin">Benin</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Brazil">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Burma">Burma</a></li>

<li><a href="Drugs_in_Cambodia" title="Drugs in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Chile">Chile</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Colombia</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_El_Salvador" title="Illegal drug trade in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Estonia">Estonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Haiti" title="Illegal drug trade in Haiti">Haiti</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Honduras">Honduras</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Indian_Ocean_region" title="Illegal drug trade in the Indian Ocean region">Indian Ocean region</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Japan" title="Illegal drug trade in Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kenya">Kenya</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Latin America</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Latvia">Latvia</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_trafficking_in_Mauritius" title="Drug trafficking in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Moldova">Moldova</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Norway">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Panama" title="Illegal drug trade in Panama">Panama</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Paraguay" title="Illegal drug trade in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines" title="Illegal drug trade in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Poland">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Portugal">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Illegal drug trade in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Russia">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Seychelles" title="Illegal drug trade in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Africa">South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Korea">South Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Spain">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Suriname">Suriname</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Thailand">Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Turkey" title="Illegal drug trade in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Illegal drug trade in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States">United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_Venezuela" title="Illegal drug trade in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Darknet_market" title="Darknet market">Darknet market</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmaceutical_distribution" title="Pharmaceutical distribution">Pharmaceutical distribution</a>

<li><a href="Cannabis_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis shop">Cannabis shop</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">Liquor store</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues with drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a></li>

<li><a href="Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving impaired</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_harmfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug harmfulness">Drug harmfulness</a>

<ul><li><a href="Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects of cannabis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Drug-related_crime" title="Drug-related crime">Drug-related crime</a></li>

<li><a href="Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects of cannabis</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Overdose</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a>

<ul><li>of tobacco or other substances</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harm reduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_legalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug legalization">Drug legalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Drug rehabilitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li>

<li><a href="Opioid_replacement_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid replacement therapy">Opioid replacement therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li>

<li><a href="Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Regulation of therapeutic goods</a></li>

<li><a href="Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li>

<li><a href="Substance_abuse_prevention" title="Substance abuse prevention">Substance abuse prevention</a></li>

<li><a href="Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li>

<li><a href="Trip_killer" title="Trip killer">Trip killer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries by drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">Alcohol consumption</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">Cocaine use</a></li>

<li>Cannabis

<ul><li><a href="Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use</a></li>

<li><a href="Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Lifetime use</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_opiates_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of opiates use">Opiates use</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_tobacco_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by tobacco consumption">Tobacco consumption</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ion_channel_modulators357" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ion_channel_modulators357" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">Ion channel modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Calcium_channel" title="Calcium channel">Calcium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="VDCCsTooltip_Voltage-dependent_calcium_channels424" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Voltage-dependent_calcium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channels"><abbr title="Voltage-dependent calcium channels">VDCCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">L-type-selective</a>: <a href="Dihydropyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydropyridine">Dihydropyridines</a>: <a href="Amlodipine" title="Amlodipine">Amlodipine</a> (<a href="Telmisartan/amlodipine/indapamide" title="Telmisartan/amlodipine/indapamide">+telmisartan and indapamide</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Aranidipine" title="Aranidipine">Aranidipine</a></li>

<li><a href="Azelnidipine" title="Azelnidipine">Azelnidipine</a></li>

<li><a href="Barnidipine" title="Barnidipine">Barnidipine</a></li>

<li><a href="Clevidipine" title="Clevidipine">Clevidipine</a></li>

<li>Cronidipine</li>

<li><a href="Darodipine" title="Darodipine">Darodipine</a></li>

<li>Dexniguldipine</li>

<li>Elgodipine</li>

<li>Elnadipine</li>

<li><a href="Felodipine" title="Felodipine">Felodipine</a></li>

<li>Flordipine</li>

<li>Furnidipine</li>

<li>Iganidipine</li>

<li><a href="Isradipine" title="Isradipine">Isradipine</a></li>

<li><a href="Lacidipine" title="Lacidipine">Lacidipine</a></li>

<li>Lemildipine</li>

<li><a href="Lercanidipine" title="Lercanidipine">Lercanidipine</a></li>

<li><a href="Levamlodipine" title="Levamlodipine">Levamlodipine</a></li>

<li>Levniguldipine</li>

<li><a href="Manidipine" title="Manidipine">Manidipine</a></li>

<li><a href="Barnidipine" title="Barnidipine">Mepirodipine</a></li>

<li>Mesudipine</li>

<li><a href="Nicardipine" title="Nicardipine">Nicardipine</a></li>

<li><a href="Nifedipine" title="Nifedipine">Nifedipine</a></li>

<li><a href="Niguldipine" title="Niguldipine">Niguldipine</a></li>

<li><a href="Niludipine" title="Niludipine">Niludipine</a></li>

<li><a href="Nilvadipine" title="Nilvadipine">Nilvadipine</a></li>

<li><a href="Nimodipine" title="Nimodipine">Nimodipine</a></li>

<li><a href="Nisoldipine" title="Nisoldipine">Nisoldipine</a></li>

<li><a href="Nitrendipine" title="Nitrendipine">Nitrendipine</a></li>

<li>Olradipine</li>

<li><a href="Oxodipine" title="Oxodipine">Oxodipine</a></li>

<li>Palonidipine</li>

<li><a href="Pranidipine" title="Pranidipine">Pranidipine</a></li>

<li><a href="Riodipine" title="Riodipine">Ryodipine (riodipine)</a></li>

<li>Sagandipine</li>

<li>Sornidipine</li>

<li>Teludipine</li>

<li>Tiamdipine</li>

<li>Trombodipine</li>

<li>Vatanidipine; <a href="Diltiazem" title="Diltiazem">Diltiazem</a> derivatives: <a href="Clentiazem" title="Clentiazem">Clentiazem</a></li>

<li><a href="Diltiazem" title="Diltiazem">Diltiazem</a></li>

<li>Iprotiazem</li>

<li>Nictiazem</li>

<li>Siratiazem; <a href="Arylalkylamine" title="Arylalkylamine">Phenylalkylamines</a>: <a href="Anipamil" title="Anipamil">Anipamil</a></li>

<li>Dagapamil</li>

<li><a href="Devapamil" title="Devapamil">Devapamil</a></li>

<li>Dexverapamil</li>

<li><a href="Emopamil" title="Emopamil">Emopamil</a></li>

<li>Etripamil</li>

<li><a href="Falipamil" title="Falipamil">Falipamil</a></li>

<li><a href="Gallopamil" title="Gallopamil">Gallopamil</a></li>

<li>Levemopamil</li>

<li>Nexopamil</li>

<li><a href="Norverapamil" title="Norverapamil">Norverapamil</a></li>

<li>Ronipamil</li>

<li><a href="Tiapamil" title="Tiapamil">Tiapamil</a></li>

<li><a href="Verapamil" title="Verapamil">Verapamil</a>; Others: <a href="AH-1058" title="AH-1058">AH-1058</a></li>

<li>Brinazarone</li>

<li><a href="Budiodarone" title="Budiodarone">Budiodarone</a></li>

<li><a href="Celivarone" title="Celivarone">Celivarone</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li>

<li><a href="Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li>

<li><a href="Fantofarone" title="Fantofarone">Fantofarone</a></li>

<li><a href="Tetrahydropalmatine" title="Tetrahydropalmatine">Tetrahydropalmatine</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="N-type_calcium_channel" title="N-type calcium channel">N-type-selective</a>: <a href="%CE%A9-Conotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ω-Conotoxin">ω-Conotoxins</a></li>

<li>ω-Conotoxin GVIA</li>

<li><a href="Caroverine" title="Caroverine">Caroverine</a></li>

<li>Huwentoxin XVI</li>

<li><a href="Leconotide" title="Leconotide">Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ralfinamide" title="Ralfinamide">Ralfinamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Safinamide" title="Safinamide">Safinamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="P-type_calcium_channel" title="P-type calcium channel">P-type-selective</a>: ω-Agatoxin IVA</li>

<li>ω-Agatoxin IVB</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="R-type_calcium_channel" title="R-type calcium channel">R-type-selective</a>: <a href="SNX-482" title="SNX-482">SNX-482</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="T-type_calcium_channel" title="T-type calcium channel">T-type-selective</a>: ABT-639</li>

<li><a href="Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li>

<li>ProTx I</li>

<li><a href="Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Non-selective: ω-Agatoxin TK</li>

<li>ω-Conotoxin MVIIC</li>

<li><a href="Benidipine" title="Benidipine">Benidipine</a></li>

<li><a href="Bepridil" title="Bepridil">Bepridil</a></li>

<li><a href="Cilnidipine" title="Cilnidipine">Cilnidipine</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinnarizine" title="Cinnarizine">Cinnarizine</a></li>

<li><a href="Dotarizine" title="Dotarizine">Dotarizine</a></li>

<li><a href="Efonidipine" title="Efonidipine">Efonidipine</a></li>

<li><a href="Flunarizine" title="Flunarizine">Flunarizine</a></li>

<li><a href="Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a></li>

<li><a href="Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam">Levetiracetam</a></li>

<li><a href="Lomerizine" title="Lomerizine">Lomerizine</a></li>

<li><a href="Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Mibefradil" title="Mibefradil">Mibefradil</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel">α2δ subunit</a>-selective (<a href="Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">gabapentinoids</a>): <a href="4-Methylpregabalin" title="4-Methylpregabalin">4-Methylpregabalin</a></li>

<li><a href="Arbaclofen" title="Arbaclofen">Arbaclofen</a></li>

<li><a href="Arbaclofen_placarbil" title="Arbaclofen placarbil">Arbaclofen placarbil</a></li>

<li><a href="Atagabalin" title="Atagabalin">Atagabalin</a></li>

<li><a href="Baclofen" title="Baclofen">Baclofen</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a></li>

<li><a href="Imagabalin" title="Imagabalin">Imagabalin</a></li>

<li><a href="Mirogabalin" title="Mirogabalin">Mirogabalin</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li>

</ul>

<ul><li>Others/unsorted: <a href="Bencyclane" title="Bencyclane">Bencyclane</a></li>

<li><a href="Berbamine" title="Berbamine">Berbamine</a></li>

<li><a href="Bevantolol" title="Bevantolol">Bevantolol</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadine" title="Canadine">Canadine</a></li>

<li><a href="Carboxyamidotriazole" title="Carboxyamidotriazole">Carboxyamidotriazole</a></li>

<li><a href="Cycleanine" title="Cycleanine">Cycleanine</a></li>

<li><a href="Dauricine" title="Dauricine">Dauricine</a></li>

<li><a href="Dimeditiapramine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimeditiapramine">Dimeditiapramine</a></li>

<li><a href="Diproteverine" title="Diproteverine">Diproteverine</a></li>

<li><a href="Enpiperate" title="Enpiperate">Enpiperate</a></li>

<li><a href="Eperisone" title="Eperisone">Eperisone</a></li>

<li>Elpetrigine</li>

<li><a href="Ethadione" title="Ethadione">Ethadione</a></li>

<li><a href="Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethosuximide" title="Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</a></li>

<li><a href="Fasudil" title="Fasudil">Fasudil</a></li>

<li><a href="Fendiline" title="Fendiline">Fendiline</a></li>

<li><a href="Fostedil" title="Fostedil">Fostedil</a></li>

<li><a href="Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Lidoflazine" title="Lidoflazine">Lidoflazine</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li>

<li><a href="Manoalide" title="Manoalide">Manoalide</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesuximide" title="Mesuximide">Mesuximide</a></li>

<li><a href="Monatepil" title="Monatepil">Monatepil</a></li>

<li><a href="Naftopidil" title="Naftopidil">Naftopidil</a></li>

<li><a href="Ochratoxin_A" title="Ochratoxin A">Ochratoxin A</a></li>

<li><a href="Osthol" title="Osthol">Osthol</a></li>

<li><a href="Otilonium_bromide" title="Otilonium bromide">Otilonium bromide</a></li>

<li><a href="Paramethadione" title="Paramethadione">Paramethadione</a></li>

<li><a href="Phensuximide" title="Phensuximide">Phensuximide</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinaverium_bromide" title="Pinaverium bromide">Pinaverium bromide</a></li>

<li><a href="Prenylamine" title="Prenylamine">Prenylamine</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhynchophylline" title="Rhynchophylline">Rhynchophylline</a></li>

<li><a href="Sesamodil" title="Sesamodil">Sesamodil</a></li>

<li><a href="Silperisone" title="Silperisone">Silperisone</a></li>

<li>Sipatrigine</li>

<li><a href="Terodiline" title="Terodiline">Terodiline</a></li>

<li><a href="Tetrandrine" title="Tetrandrine">Tetrandrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Tolperisone" title="Tolperisone">Tolperisone</a></li>

<li><a href="Trimethadione" title="Trimethadione">Trimethadione</a></li>

<li><a href="Valperinol" title="Valperinol">Valperinol</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Calcium_channel_opener" title="Calcium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">L-type-selective</a>: <a href="Bay_K8644" title="Bay K8644">Bay K8644</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Potassium_channel" title="Potassium channel">Potassium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Voltage-gated_potassium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-gated potassium channels"><abbr title="Voltage-gated potassium channels">VGKCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="3%2C4-Diaminopyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="3,4-Diaminopyridine">3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)</a></li>

<li><a href="4-Aminopyridine" title="4-Aminopyridine">4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)</a></li>

<li>Adekalant</li>

<li><a href="Almokalant" title="Almokalant">Almokalant</a></li>

<li><a href="Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li>

<li><a href="Azimilide" title="Azimilide">Azimilide</a></li>

<li><a href="Bretylium" title="Bretylium">Bretylium</a></li>

<li><a href="Bunaftine" title="Bunaftine">Bunaftine</a></li>

<li><a href="Charybdotoxin" title="Charybdotoxin">Charybdotoxin</a></li>

<li>Clamikalant</li>

<li><a href="Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">Conotoxins</a></li>

<li>Dalazatide</li>

<li><a href="Dendrotoxin" title="Dendrotoxin">Dendrotoxin</a></li>

<li><a href="Dofetilide" title="Dofetilide">Dofetilide</a></li>

<li><a href="Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanatoxin" title="Hanatoxin">Hanatoxin</a></li>

<li><a href="HgeTx1" title="HgeTx1">HgeTx1</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibutilide" title="Ibutilide">Ibutilide</a></li>

<li>Inakalant</li>

<li><a href="Kaliotoxin" title="Kaliotoxin">Kaliotoxin</a></li>

<li><a href="Linopirdine" title="Linopirdine">Linopirdine</a></li>

<li><a href="Lolitrem_B" title="Lolitrem B">Lolitrem B</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurotoxin" title="Maurotoxin">Maurotoxin</a></li>

<li><a href="Nifekalant" title="Nifekalant">Nifekalant</a></li>

<li>Notoxin</li>

<li><a href="Paxilline" title="Paxilline">Paxilline</a></li>

<li>Pinokalant</li>

<li><a href="Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li>

<li><a href="Sotalol" title="Sotalol">Sotalol</a></li>

<li><a href="Tedisamil" title="Tedisamil">Tedisamil</a></li>

<li>Terikalant</li>

<li><a href="Tetraethylammonium" title="Tetraethylammonium">Tetraethylammonium</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernakalant" title="Vernakalant">Vernakalant</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="HERG" class="mw-redirect" title="HERG">hERG</a> (KCNH2, Kv11.1)-specific: <a href="Ajmaline" title="Ajmaline">Ajmaline</a></li>

<li><a href="Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li>

<li><a href="AmmTX3" title="AmmTX3">AmmTX3</a></li>

<li><a href="Astemizole" title="Astemizole">Astemizole</a></li>

<li><a href="Azaspiracid" title="Azaspiracid">Azaspiracid</a></li>

<li><a href="Azimilide" title="Azimilide">Azimilide</a></li>

<li><a href="Bedaquiline" title="Bedaquiline">Bedaquiline</a></li>

<li><a href="Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li>

<li><a href="Cisapride" title="Cisapride">Cisapride</a></li>

<li><a href="Clarithromycin" title="Clarithromycin">Clarithromycin</a></li>

<li><a href="Darifenacin" title="Darifenacin">Darifenacin</a></li>

<li><a href="Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a></li>

<li><a href="Diallyl_trisulfide" title="Diallyl trisulfide">Diallyl trisulfide</a></li>

<li><a href="Domperidone" title="Domperidone">Domperidone</a></li>

<li><a href="Ergtoxin" title="Ergtoxin">Ergtoxins</a></li>

<li><a href="Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">Erythromycin</a></li>

<li><a href="Gigactonine" title="Gigactonine">Gigactonine</a></li>

<li><a href="Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li>

<li><a href="Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li>

<li><a href="Norpropoxyphene" title="Norpropoxyphene">Norpropoxyphene</a></li>

<li><a href="Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Pimozide" title="Pimozide">Pimozide</a></li>

<li><a href="Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li>

<li><a href="Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranolazine" title="Ranolazine">Ranolazine</a></li>

<li><a href="Roxithromycin" title="Roxithromycin">Roxithromycin</a></li>

<li><a href="Sertindole" title="Sertindole">Sertindole</a></li>

<li><a href="Solifenacin" title="Solifenacin">Solifenacin</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamulotoxin" title="Tamulotoxin">Tamulotoxin</a></li>

<li><a href="Terodiline" title="Terodiline">Terodiline</a></li>

<li><a href="Terfenadine" title="Terfenadine">Terfenadine</a></li>

<li><a href="Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a></li>

<li><a href="Tolterodine" title="Tolterodine">Tolterodine</a></li>

<li><a href="Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernakalant" title="Vernakalant">Vernakalant</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="KCNQ" title="KCNQ">KCNQ (Kv7)</a>-specific: <a href="Linopirdine" title="Linopirdine">Linopirdine</a></li>

<li><a href="Ssm_spooky_toxin" title="Ssm spooky toxin">Spooky toxin (SsTx)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="KCNQ" title="KCNQ">KCNQ (Kv7)</a>-specific: <a href="Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a></li>

<li><a href="Retigabine" title="Retigabine">Retigabine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Inwardly rectifying potassium channel"><abbr title="Inwardly rectifying potassium channel">IRKs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ATP-sensitive_potassium_channel" title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel"><abbr title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel">KATP</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel-specific: <a href="Acetohexamide" title="Acetohexamide">Acetohexamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbutamide" title="Carbutamide">Carbutamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Chlorpropamide" title="Chlorpropamide">Chlorpropamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Glibenclamide" title="Glibenclamide">Glibenclamide (glyburide)</a></li>

<li><a href="Glibornuride" title="Glibornuride">Glibornuride</a></li>

<li><a href="Glicaramide" title="Glicaramide">Glicaramide</a></li>

<li><a href="Gliclazide" title="Gliclazide">Gliclazide</a></li>

<li><a href="Glimepiride" title="Glimepiride">Glimepiride</a></li>

<li><a href="Glipizide" title="Glipizide">Glipizide</a></li>

<li><a href="Gliquidone" title="Gliquidone">Gliquidone</a></li>

<li><a href="Glisoxepide" title="Glisoxepide">Glisoxepide</a></li>

<li><a href="Glyclopyramide" title="Glyclopyramide">Glyclopyramide</a></li>

<li>Glycyclamide</li>

<li><a href="Metahexamide" title="Metahexamide">Metahexamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Mitiglinide" title="Mitiglinide">Mitiglinide</a></li>

<li><a href="Nateglinide" title="Nateglinide">Nateglinide</a></li>

<li><a href="Repaglinide" title="Repaglinide">Repaglinide</a></li>

<li><a href="Tolazamide" title="Tolazamide">Tolazamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Tolbutamide" title="Tolbutamide">Tolbutamide</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="G_protein-coupled_inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel"><abbr title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel">GIRK</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel-specific: <a href="Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a></li>

<li><a href="Caramiphen" title="Caramiphen">Caramiphen</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloperastine" title="Cloperastine">Cloperastine</a></li>

<li><a href="Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a></li>

<li><a href="Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethosuximide" title="Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</a></li>

<li><a href="Ifenprodil" title="Ifenprodil">Ifenprodil</a></li>

<li><a href="Tertiapin" title="Tertiapin">Tertiapin</a></li>

<li><a href="Tipepidine" title="Tipepidine">Tipepidine</a></li></ul>

<li><a href="Bimakalim" title="Bimakalim">Bimakalim</a></li>

<li><a href="Cromakalim" title="Cromakalim">Cromakalim</a></li>

<li><a href="Diazoxide" title="Diazoxide">Diazoxide</a></li>

<li>Emakalim</li>

<li><a href="Levcromakalim" class="mw-redirect" title="Levcromakalim">Levcromakalim</a></li>

<li>Mazokalim</li>

<li><a href="Minoxidil" title="Minoxidil">Minoxidil</a></li>

<li><a href="Minoxidil_sulfate" title="Minoxidil sulfate">Minoxidil sulfate</a></li>

<li><a href="Naminidil" title="Naminidil">Naminidil</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicorandil" title="Nicorandil">Nicorandil</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinacidil" title="Pinacidil">Pinacidil</a></li>

<li>Rilmakalim</li>

<li>Sarakalim</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Calcium-activated_potassium_channel" title="Calcium-activated potassium channel"><abbr title="Calcium-activated potassium channel">KCa</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BK_channel" title="BK channel">BKCa</a>-specific: <a href="Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="BK_channel" title="BK channel">BKCa</a>-specific: <a href="Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Nimesulide" title="Nimesulide">Nimesulide</a></li>

<li><a href="Rottlerin" title="Rottlerin">Rottlerin (mallotoxin)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Tandem_pore_domain_potassium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem pore domain potassium channel"><abbr title="Tandem pore domain potassium channel">K2Ps</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate" title="12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate">12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate</a></li>

<li><a href="Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">Arachidonic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li>

<li><a href="Norfluoxetine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfluoxetine">Norfluoxetine</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Riluzole" title="Riluzole">Riluzole</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Sodium_channel" title="Sodium channel">Sodium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Voltage-gated_sodium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-gated sodium channels"><abbr title="Voltage-gated sodium channels">VGSCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Antianginals: <a href="Ranolazine" title="Ranolazine">Ranolazine</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Antiarrhythmics (class I): <a href="Ajmaline" title="Ajmaline">Ajmaline</a></li>

<li><a href="Aprindine" title="Aprindine">Aprindine</a></li>

<li><a href="Disopyramide" title="Disopyramide">Disopyramide</a></li>

<li><a href="Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li>

<li><a href="Encainide" title="Encainide">Encainide</a></li>

<li><a href="Flecainide" title="Flecainide">Flecainide</a></li>

<li><a href="Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Lorajmine" title="Lorajmine">Lorajmine</a></li>

<li><a href="Lorcainide" title="Lorcainide">Lorcainide</a></li>

<li><a href="Mexiletine" title="Mexiletine">Mexiletine</a></li>

<li><a href="Moracizine" title="Moracizine">Moricizine</a></li>

<li><a href="Pilsicainide" title="Pilsicainide">Pilsicainide</a></li>

<li><a href="Prajmaline" title="Prajmaline">Prajmaline</a></li>

<li><a href="Procainamide" title="Procainamide">Procainamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Propafenone" title="Propafenone">Propafenone</a></li>

<li><a href="Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li>

<li><a href="Sparteine" title="Sparteine">Sparteine</a></li>

<li><a href="Tocainide" title="Tocainide">Tocainide</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Anticonvulsants: Acetylpheneturide</li>

<li><a href="Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li>

<li><a href="Cenobamate" title="Cenobamate">Cenobamate</a></li>

<li><a href="Chlorphenacemide" title="Chlorphenacemide">Chlorphenacemide</a></li>

<li>Elpetrigine</li>

<li><a href="Eslicarbazepine_acetate" title="Eslicarbazepine acetate">Eslicarbazepine acetate</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethotoin" title="Ethotoin">Ethotoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Fosphenytoin" title="Fosphenytoin">Fosphenytoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a></li>

<li><a href="Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">Lacosamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Licarbazepine" title="Licarbazepine">Licarbazepine</a></li>

<li><a href="Mephenytoin" title="Mephenytoin">Mephenytoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxcarbazepine" title="Oxcarbazepine">Oxcarbazepine</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxitriptyline" title="Oxitriptyline">Oxitriptyline</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenacemide" title="Phenacemide">Phenacemide</a></li>

<li><a href="Pheneturide" title="Pheneturide">Pheneturide</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Rufinamide" title="Rufinamide">Rufinamide</a></li>

<li>Sipatrigine</li>

<li><a href="Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li>

<li><a href="Sodium_valproate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium valproate">Sodium valproate</a></li>

<li><a href="Valnoctamide" title="Valnoctamide">Valnoctamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a></li>

<li><a href="Valproate_semisodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproate semisodium">Valproate semisodium</a></li>

<li><a href="Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">Valproic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li>

<li><a href="Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Local anesthetics: <a href="3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane" title="3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane">pFBT</a></li>

<li><a href="Amylocaine" title="Amylocaine">Amylocaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Articaine" title="Articaine">Articaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Benzocaine" title="Benzocaine">Benzocaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Bupivacaine" title="Bupivacaine">Bupivacaine</a> (<a href="Levobupivacaine" title="Levobupivacaine">Levobupivacaine</a>, <a href="Ropivacaine" title="Ropivacaine">Ropivacaine</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Butacaine" title="Butacaine">Butacaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Butamben" title="Butamben">Butamben</a></li>

<li><a href="Chloroprocaine" title="Chloroprocaine">Chloroprocaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinchocaine" title="Cinchocaine">Cinchocaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyclomethycaine" title="Cyclomethycaine">Cyclomethycaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Dimethocaine" title="Dimethocaine">Dimethocaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li>

<li><a href="Etidocaine" title="Etidocaine">Etidocaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Hexylcaine" title="Hexylcaine">Hexylcaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Iontocaine" title="Iontocaine">Iontocaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Mepivacaine" title="Mepivacaine">Mepivacaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Meprylcaine" title="Meprylcaine">Meprylcaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Metabutoxycaine" title="Metabutoxycaine">Metabutoxycaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Orthocaine" title="Orthocaine">Orthocaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Piperocaine" title="Piperocaine">Piperocaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Prilocaine" title="Prilocaine">Prilocaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Procaine" title="Procaine">Procaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Propoxycaine" title="Propoxycaine">Propoxycaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Proxymetacaine" title="Proxymetacaine">Proxymetacaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Risocaine" title="Risocaine">Risocaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Tetracaine" title="Tetracaine">Tetracaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Trimecaine" title="Trimecaine">Trimecaine</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Analgesics: AZD-3161</li>

<li><a href="Funapide" title="Funapide">Funapide</a></li>

<li><a href="Ralfinamide" title="Ralfinamide">Ralfinamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Raxatrigine" class="mw-redirect" title="Raxatrigine">Raxatrigine</a></li>

<li><a href="Suzetrigine" title="Suzetrigine">Suzetrigine</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Toxins: <a href="Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">Conotoxins</a></li>

<li><a href="Neosaxitoxin" title="Neosaxitoxin">Neosaxitoxin</a></li>

<li><a href="Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li>

<li><a href="Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li>

<li><a href="Zetekitoxin_AB" title="Zetekitoxin AB">Zetekitoxin AB</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Others: <a href="Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li>

<li><a href="Evenamide" title="Evenamide">Evenamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Safinamide" title="Safinamide">Safinamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Sodium_channel_opener" title="Sodium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aconitine" title="Aconitine">Aconitine</a></li>

<li>Atracotoxins (<a href="Omega-Atracotoxin" title="Omega-Atracotoxin">ω-Atracotoxin</a>, <a href="Robustoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robustoxin">Robustoxin</a>, <a href="Versutoxin" title="Versutoxin">Versutoxin</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a></li>

<li><a href="Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">Ciguatoxins</a></li>

<li><a href="Grayanotoxin" title="Grayanotoxin">Grayanotoxins</a></li>

<li><a href="Poneratoxin" title="Poneratoxin">Poneratoxin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Epithelial_sodium_channel" title="Epithelial sodium channel"><abbr title="Epithelial sodium channel">ENaC</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amiloride" title="Amiloride">Amiloride</a></li>

<li><a href="Benzamil" title="Benzamil">Benzamil</a></li>

<li><a href="Triamterene" title="Triamterene">Triamterene</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Solnatide</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Acid-sensing_ion_channel" title="Acid-sensing ion channel"><abbr title="Acid-sensing ion channel">ASICs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Amiloride" title="Amiloride">Amiloride</a></li>

<li><a href="Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Chloride_channel" title="Chloride channel">Chloride</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Calcium-activated_chloride_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium-activated chloride channel"><abbr title="Calcium-activated chloride channel">CaCCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Chloride_channel_blocker" title="Chloride channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crofelemer" title="Crofelemer">Crofelemer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethacrynic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethacrynic acid">Ethacrynic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li>

<li><a href="Furosemide" title="Furosemide">Furosemide</a></li>

<li><a href="Glibenclamide" title="Glibenclamide">Glibenclamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Mefloquine" title="Mefloquine">Mefloquine</a></li>

<li><a href="Mibefradil" title="Mibefradil">Mibefradil</a></li>

<li><a href="Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Chloride_channel_opener" title="Chloride channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carbachol" title="Carbachol">Carbachol</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Cystic_fibrosis_transmembrane_conductance_regulator" title="Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator"><abbr title="Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator">CFTR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Chloride_channel_blocker" title="Chloride channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Glibenclamide" title="Glibenclamide">Glibenclamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Lonidamine" title="Lonidamine">Lonidamine</a></li>

<li><a href="Piretanide" title="Piretanide">Piretanide</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>1,7-Phenanthroline</li>

<li><a href="1%2C10-Phenanthroline" title="1,10-Phenanthroline">1,10-Phenanthroline</a></li>

<li>4,7-Phenanthroline</li>

<li>7,8-Benzoquinoline</li>

<li><a href="Ivacaftor" title="Ivacaftor">Ivacaftor</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenanthridine" title="Phenanthridine">Phenanthridine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Chloride_channel_blocker" title="Chloride channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bumetanide" title="Bumetanide">Bumetanide</a></li>

<li><a href="Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Mepacrine" title="Mepacrine">Mepacrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li>

<li>Talniflumate</li>

<li><a href="Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">Trifluoperazine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Transient_receptor_potential_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient receptor potential channels"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential channels">TRPs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>See here instead.</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Ligand_gated_ion_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligand gated ion channels"><abbr title="Ligand gated ion channels">LGICs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>See here instead.</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Transient receptor potential channel modulators</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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